Isingeniso

Ocwaningweni lwesayensi lwanamuhla kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuhlola, igumbi lokuqoqwa kwamasampula liyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha. Futhi kule nqubo, amabhodlela okuqoqwa kwamasampula, njengesithwali esiyinhloko sokugcina nokuthuthwa kwamasampula, ukukhethwa kwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kuhlobene ngqo nobuqotho kanye nokuqina kwesampula kanye nokunemba kokuhlaziywa okulandelayo.

Amabhodlela okuqoqwa kwesampula asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingiIzinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhodlela zihlukaniswa ngokucophelela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, isakhiwo, izithasiselo kanye nokuvalwa kwamasampula ahlukene anezakhiwo ezahlukene ze-physicochemical, izidingo zokuhlaziya kanye nezimo zokugcina.

Ukuhlukaniswa Okuyisisekelo Kwamabhodlela Okuqoqwa Kwesampula

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamasampula zinezidingo ezahlukene zamabhodlela okuqoqa amasampula ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa nokugcinwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa okuyisisekelo kwamabhodlela okuqoqa amasampula kuzosiza abahloli ukuthi benze ukukhetha okufanele kakhulu ngokwezidingo zangempela. Sekukonke, amashubhu esampula angahlukaniswa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, indlela yokuvala kanye nobukhulu obufana ne-solvent kanye ne-structural morphology.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo: ingilazi vs. ipulasitiki

• Amashubhu Esampula Yengilazi: Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngengilazi ye-borosilicate ephezulu enokungasebenzi kahle kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuqina kokushisa, efanelekile kakhulu ezinyibilikisini eziningi eziphilayo kanye nezimo zokucubungula izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ikakhulukazi ekuhlaziyweni okunembile kakhulu noma ekuqoqweni kwamakhemikhali afakwe kalula, amabhodlela engilazi angagwema ngempumelelo ukuwohloka kwesampula noma ukungcola.
• Amabhodlela okuqoqwa kwesampula yepulasitikiIzinto ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-polypropylene, i-polyethylene, i-polycarbonate, njll. Ziyakwazi ukumelana nokushaqeka futhi zilula, futhi zifanelekela ukuqandisa i-cryogenic, ukuqoqwa kwamasampula ebhayoloji, kanye nokuhlolwa okuvamile kwemitholampilo. Amanye amabhodlela epulasitiki aphezulu nawo amelana nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali ngezinga elithile.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa ngendlela yokuvala: isikulufa, i-bayonet, uhlobo lwe-gland

• Uhlobo lokufaka ngesikulufo: uhlobo oluvame kakhulu, okulula ukuluvula nokuyivala, olufanele izidingo eziningi zelebhu ezijwayelekile. Ama-screw-port cap avame ukubhangqwa nama-gasket e-PTFE/silicone ukuqinisekisa ukuvalwa kanye nokuhambisana kwamakhemikhali.
• Uhlobo lwe-bayonet: Ivalwa ngokushesha nge-snap, ifanele ukusebenza okusheshayo noma izikhathi ezidinga ukuvulwa njalo, ikakhulukazi ezisetshenziswa kumapulatifomu azenzakalelayo noma izinqubo ezithile zokuhlola ezijwayelekile.
• Uhlobo lwendlala: Ivalwe nge-metal cap kanye ne-gland, i-air air kakhulu, evame ukusetshenziswa ku-gas chromatography nakwezinye izivivinyo ezidinga ukulawulwa kokuguquguquka okuphezulu. Ifanelekela ukugcinwa nokuthuthwa kwesikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwesampula yemvelo.

3. Ukuhlukaniswa ngevolumu kanye nesimo: okujwayelekile, okuncane, phansi okuyindilinga, njll.

• Amabhodlela ajwayelekile: amavolumu avamile angu-1.5 ml, 2 ml kanye no-5 ml, afanele ukuqoqwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamasampula amaningi oketshezi. Isimo siwubunjwa obuyindilinga, okulula ukubanjwa yimishini ezenzakalelayo.
• Amabhodlela amancane: enomthamo ongu-0.2ml-0.5ml, ovame ukusetshenziswa kumasayizi amancane kakhulu esampula noma imiklamo yokuhlola ephumelela kakhulu. Ifanele uhlelo lokuhlola amasampula amancane.
• Amabhodlela ane-cone bottom: Ingaphansi lebhodlela lenzelwe ngesimo sekhoni, okulula ukugxilisa isampula, ukusebenza kwe-centrifugal kanye nokufuthwa okungenazinsalela, okusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kokukhipha amaprotheni/i-nucleic acid.
• Amabhodlela aphansi ayisicaba/ayindilinga: Ama-bottom ayisicaba afaneleka kakhulu emishinini yokuthatha amasampula ngokuzenzakalela, kuyilapho ama-bottom ayindilinga efaneleka kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngesandla noma ezimweni zokuxuba i-vortex.

Ukusetshenziswa Kumasampula Ezinto Eziphilayo (amasampula egazi njengesibonelo)

Njengenye yamasampula ebhayoloji avame kakhulu futhi ayisisekelo, igazi lisetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha, ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo, kanye nocwaningo lwe-proteomics. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwalo okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nomsebenzi oqinile webhayoloji, izidingo zezitsha zokuqoqa ziqinile kakhulu. Amabhodlela okuqoqa amasampula asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ahlukile ngokwezithasiselo, izinto zokwakha kanye nokwakheka kwesakhiwo, okuthinta ngqo ikhwalithi yamasampula kanye nokunemba kokuhlaziywa okulandelayo.

1. Indawo kanye nenhloso yokusetshenziswa

• Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kwezokwelapha: egazini elivamile, i-biochemistry, ama-electrolyte, ukuhlolwa kwezinga lama-hormone, njll., kudingeka kusheshe, kusebenze kahle, kugwenywe ukususwa kwegazi kanye nokungcola.
• Ucwaningo lwebhayoloji yama-molecule: njenge-RNA-seq, i-whole genome sequencing (WGS), i-qPCR, njll., edinga izidingo eziphakeme zobuqotho be-nucleic acid kanye nezimo zokulondolozwa kwesampula.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwamaprotheni kanye ne-metabolomics: ukhathazekile ngokuvinjelwa komsebenzi we-protease, ukuhambisana kwe-solvent, ukuzinza ngemva kokuqandisa nokuncibilika okuphindaphindiwe.

2. Izinhlobo ezivamile zamabhodlela okuqoqwa kwesampula kanye nokucushwa

• Iqukethe ama-vial okuvimbela ukugabha kwegaziAmashubhu e-EDTA asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwe-hematology kanye nokukhishwa kwe-nucleic acid, okungavimbela ngempumelelo inqubo yokujiya nokuvikela isimo seseli; Amashubhu e-Heparin afanele ukuhlaziywa kwe-plasma, afanele ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali athile (isb., ukuhlaziywa kwegesi yegazi), kodwa aphazamisa ukusabela okuthile kwe-PCR; futhi amashubhu e-Sodium citrate asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni komsebenzi wokujiya.
• Amapayipi okuqoqwa kwegazi ahlanzekile angenazo izithako: isetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-serum, njengokuthola umsebenzi, ukusebenza kwezinso, ukuhlolwa kwe-immunology, njll. Ngemva kokuba igazi selijiyile ngokwemvelo, i-serum ihlukaniswa nge-centrifugation ukuze kugwenywe ukuthi izithasiselo zamakhemikhali ziphazamise ukusabela kokuhlola.
• Amabhodlela akhethekile okugcina amanzi ehlanzekile: yenziwe ngezinto ze-PP ezinamandla aphezulu, ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphansi kakhulu (-80℃ kuya endaweni ye-nitrogen ewuketshezi). Ivame ukusetshenziswa ukulondolozwa isikhathi eside kwe-plasma, i-serum, izingxenye zamaseli, njll., isetshenziswa kabanzi emabhange esampula ebhayoloji kanye nezifundo zokulandelela zesikhathi eside.

3. Isixwayiso

• Ithonya lezinto zokwakha ekuzinzeni kwesampula: Ama-vial epulasitiki angamunca amaprotheni noma ama-nucleic acid, okudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphansi zomunca noma ukwelashwa kwendawo. Ama-vial engilazi azinzile kodwa awafaneleki kuzo zonke izimo zokuqandisa Ochwepheshe belebhu kudingeka benze isahlulelo ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwesampula kanye nezidingo zokuhlolwa.
• Ukubaluleka kohlelo lokubhala amalebula nokulandelela: Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, amasampula adideka kalula ngenxa yokulebula, ulwazi olungaphelele kanye nezinye izinkinga, okuthinta kakhulu ukuthembeka kwedatha. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa amalebula aprintiwe nge-laser, izitika eziqinile zesitoreji esiqandisiwe noma uhlelo lokulandelela lwe-elekthronikhi (njenge-RFID, ibhakhodi) kuyo yonke inqubo yokuphathwa kwesampula.

Ukulondolozwa nokuphathwa kwamasampula egazi kudlala indima ebalulekile emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa, futhi amabhodlela okuqoqwa kwamasampula afanele awagcini nje ngokukhulisa ukugcinwa komsebenzi wesampula kanye nobuqotho, kodwa futhi ayimfuneko yocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokuthuthuka kwemithi enembile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu bokukhiqiza, isidingo samabhodlela okuqoqwa kwamasampula ebhayoloji siya ngokuya siba uketshezi futhi sicwengisiswa.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwamakhemikhali kanye namasampula Elabhorethri

Kumakhemikhali okuhlaziya, ukutholakala kwezidakamizwa, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kokudla kanye neminye imisebenzi yelabhorethri, amabhodlela okuqoqa amasampula awagcini nje ngokuba yizitsha zokugcina, kodwa futhi ayizingxenye ezihambisana kakhulu nenqubo yokuhlaziya nethuluzi. Ikakhulukazi ku-chromatography yoketshezi, i-gas chromatography kanye nezinye izindlela zokuhlola ezinembe kakhulu, ukukhethwa kwamabhodlela kuhlobene ngqo nokuphindaphindeka kanye nokunemba kokuhlaziywa kanye nokusebenza okuzinzile kwethuluzi.

1. Ukusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-chromatography yoketshezi kanye ne-gas chromatography

• Amabhodlela e-HPLC: Kudingeka ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali okuhle kakhulu ukuvimbela isisombululo sesampula ukuthi singasabeli noma sinamathele odongeni lwebhodlela. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa amabhodlela engilazi angama-2 ml anezivalo ze-PTFE/silicone gasket, amelana nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo futhi agcina ukuvala okuqinile. Kumasampula azwela ukukhanya, amabhodlela ansundu ayatholakala.
• Amabhodlela e-GC: njengoba ukuhlaziywa kwe-GC kuncike kakhulu ekuguqukeni kwesampula, ama-vial adinga ukuvalwa kahle futhi avame ukwenziwa ngama-vial engilazi anezivalo zokucindezela; ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvimbela ukulahleka kwezingxenye eziguquguqukayo, ama-gasket abhobozwe ngaphambilini avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvala ngezivalo ze-aluminium.
• Izicelo ezinesampula encane: Ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphuma okuphezulu kanye nokutholwa kwezingxenye zokulandelela, ama-microvial angu-0.3 ml-0.5 ml angasetshenziswa nama-cannulae ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwesampula.

2. Usayizi wesistimu yokuthatha amasampula ngokuzenzakalela kanye nezidingo zokuhambisana

Amalabhorethri esimanje avame ukusebenzisa ama-autosampler ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuthola kanye nokuvumelana, futhi kuphakanyiswa amazinga afanayo ezinhlotsheni zebhodlela kanye nezimo:

• Imininingwane evamile: I-caliber ejwayelekile engu-2ml (OD 12mm * Ukuphakama okungu-32mm) iyimodeli eyinhloko yokujikeleza kwegazi, ehambisana kakhulu nesistimu yokusampula okuzenzakalelayo yemikhiqizo eminingi.
• Izidingo zokubukeka kwe-vial: umlomo webhodlela udinga ukuba uyisicaba, umzimba webhodlela udinga ukumelana nokungqubuzana komshini, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqina kokubambelela kwengalo yomshini.
• Ukuguqulwa Kwethreyi Ekhethekile: Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlelo zidinga isakhiwo esithile sangaphansi (iphansi eliyisicaba, iphansi eliyindilinga, noma elinemifantu) ukuze zivumelane nethreyi ye-vial.

3. Izinto ezikhethekile kanye nomklamo osebenzayo

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kokuhlaziya kwamasampula ayinkimbinkimbi, amalabhorethri avame ukusebenzisa amabhodlela aklanywe ngokukhethekile:

• Ingilazi ye-borosilicate engaphelele: Yinto ethandwa kakhulu yi-HPLC/GC ngenxa yokumelana kwayo namakhemikhali aphezulu kanye nokuhlanzeka, okugwema ukusabela noma ukumuncwa kwezingxenye ezincane kusampula.
• Isivalo se-PTFE gasket: ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kwesinyibilikisi, ukubhoboza okuphindaphindwayo, okufanelekela ukusampula ngokuzenzakalela ukusebenza kwenaliti, ukugwema ukungcola kwesampula nokuvuza.
• Ibhodlela lokwelapha i-Silanization: ubuso buphathwa ngesembozo esikhethekile ukunciphisa ukumuncwa kwama-molecule e-polar, okuvame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlaziyweni kokulandelela.

Ngokukhetha izinto ezifanele, ukwakhiwa kanye nemininingwane, ama-vial ekuhlaziyweni kwamakhemikhali awagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa kanye nokuhambisana kwezinsimbi, kodwa futhi anegalelo ekuhambisaneni nasekuthembekeni kwedatha yesampula. Ikakhulukazi ekuhlaziyweni kokulandelela kanye nezinqubo ezenzakalelayo, ukucushwa okufanele kwezinhlelo zama-vial kube ngenye yemininingwane eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokuhlolwa.

Ukukhethwa Kwamabhodlela Ekuqoqweni Kwesampula Yemvelo

Ukuqoqwa kwamasampula emvelo kuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, njengamanzi, inhlabathi, kanye nomoya, futhi amasampula anezinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi angaba ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu (isb., agqwala kakhulu, aguquguqukayo kakhulu, angcolisa kancane, njll.). Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka kwedatha eqoqwe futhi kuhambisane nezidingo zomthetho, kubalulekile ukukhetha amabhodlela afanele okuqoqwa kwamasampula.

1. Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza

• Amasampula amanzi: Amanzi angaphezulu eBaokou, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angcolile ezimbonini, njll., avame ukusetshenziswa ukuthola izinsimbi ezisindayo, ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo. Usawoti wezakhamzimba, njll.
• Ukukhishwa kwenhlabathi: amasampula oketshezi atholwe ngokukhishwa kwamakhemikhali, aqukethe izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, izinsimbi ezisindayo noma amakhemikhali e-organic.
• Uketshezi lokuqoqa izinhlayiya emoyeni: amasampula ezinhlayiya ezisetshenziswa ukuphuma ezingxeni zokuhlunga noma eziwuketshezi ezimunca amabhamuza.

2. Izidingo ezibalulekile zama-vial okuthatha isampula

• Ukuvalwa okuqinile: Gwema ukuguquguquka kwesampula, ukuvuza noma ukumuncwa komswakama ngesikhathi sokuthutha noma sokugcina, okubaluleke kakhulu ekutholakaleni kwe-VOC.
• Ukumelana okuhle kokugqwala: amasampula angase aqukathe ama-asidi aqinile, ama-alkali noma izinyibilikisi eziphilayo, ezidinga ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi ene-borosilicate ephezulu noma amabhodlela enziwe ngepulasitiki ekhethekile.
• Umklamo ongasebenzi: Udonga lwangaphakathi lwebhodlela ludinga ukugwema ukumunca ukungcola noma ukusabela ngezingxenye zesampula, kanti okunye ukuhlaziya kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela afakwe i-silanized noma ahlanzwe kusengaphambili.
• Ukuthobela imithethonqubo yokuthatha amasampula: Zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokuqapha imvelo zivame ukuqondiswa yizindinganiso zikazwelonke noma zomhlaba wonke, njenge-US EPA, amazinga ekhwalithi yezemvelo aseShayina emanzini angaphezulu, njll., futhi amabhodlela kumele akhethwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zawo zokuthatha amasampula.

Ama-vial akhethwe ngendlela engafanele angabangela izinkinga ezifana nokuwohloka kwezinto eziqondiwe, ukumuncwa kokungcola, kanye nezikhala ezingenalutho ezichemile, okungathinta ukunemba kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa noma kuholele ekuchithweni kwedatha. Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kwesampula okungokwesayensi nokunengqondo ekuqapheni kwemvelo akuhlobene nje kuphela nekhwalithi yokuhlaziywa, kodwa futhi kuhlobene nokuthobela imithetho kanye nokwenza izinqumo zesayensi ngezemvelo.

Umhlahlandlela Wokukhetha I-Vial: Indlela Yokukhetha Ngokusekelwe Ohlotsheni Lwesampula Nezidingo Zokuhlaziya

Njengoba sibhekene nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamabhodlela okuqoqwa kwamasampula, indlela yokwenza ukukhetha okuphumelelayo nokwesayensi emsebenzini osebenzayo kuyinkinga evamile kwabasebenza ngokuhlola.

1. Izakhiwo zesampula zinquma ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo sezinto zokuqala

• Izakhiwo zesampula uqobo: Uma isampula ishintshashintsha kakhulu, ibhodlela lengilazi elinesivalo esihle kakhulu sokuvala kanye ne-gasket ye-PTFE kuyathandwa ukuze kukhuliswe ukulahleka kwezingxenye. Uma ubhekene namasampula aqinile agqwalisayo, kufanele usebenzise amabhodlela engilazi e-borosilicate angamelana namakhemikhali, noma usebenzise i-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu, amapulasitiki ane-fluorine kanye nezinye izinto ezikhethekile ezaziwa ngokuthi ibhodlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumasampula asebenzayo ngokwezinto eziphilayo acebile ngama-nucleic acid, amaprotheni noma ama-microorganism, kudingeka kusetshenziswe amabhodlela angenama-enzyme, aphathwe nge-aseptically, futhi izinto eziphansi zokumunca noma ezingasebenzi kahle ziyathandwa ukuze kugwenywe ukuwohloka kwesampula noma ukumunca okungaqondile.
• Uhlobo kanye nokuhambisana kwemishini yokuhlaziya: Uhlelo lokuhlola oluzenzakalelayo olusetshenziswayo, ludinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usayizi webhodlela elisetshenzisiwe, ukunemba komlomo webhodlela, ukujiya kwe-gasket, njll. kuhambisana nemigomo ejwayelekile yomkhiqizi wezinsimbi. Ngokuvamile, ibhodlela lengilazi elijwayelekile elingu-2 ml lisetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inalithi yokujova ikhishwa kancane kancane futhi kugwenywe ukuvaleka kwenalithi noma ukuvuza. Ukuze kuthathwe amasampula noma ukukhishwa ngesandla, kukhethwa uhlobo lwebhodlela oluguquguqukayo kakhudlwana.
• Izimo zokugcina zesampula: Izimo zokugcina zesampula zithinta ngqo ukukhethwa kwezinto kanye nesakhiwo sokuvala kwebhodlela. Amabhodlela amaningi engilazi noma e-polypropylene anele amasampula avame ukuqandiswa isikhathi esifushane. Uma amasampula edinga ukugcinwa ekushiseni okuphansi (-20℃ noma -80℃), kufanele kusetshenziswe amashubhu akhethekile okuqandisa, enziwe nge-PP engangeni lokushisa eliphansi futhi afakwe isakhiwo sokuvala i-O-ring esilwa nokuvuza. Uma amasampula egcinwe ku-nitrogen ewuketshezi isikhathi eside, kumele kusetshenziswe amabhodlela akhethekile e-nitrogen ewuketshezi, futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe ama-cap noma ama-cap angaphakathi anentambo ukuze aqiniswe ukuze avalwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubanda nokuqhuma kwamabhodlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezintweni ezizwela ukukhanya, amabhodlela ansundu noma angacacile kufanele asetshenziswe noma afakwe amadivayisi okugcina angangeni ukukhanya.
• Ibhalansi yezindleko kanye nosayizi wokuhlola: Ezivivinyweni ezisebenza kahle kakhulu noma ezindaweni zokufundisa, amabhodlela epulasitiki angabizi angakhethwa ukunciphisa izindleko zokusetshenziswa. Ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokunemba noma ukuphathwa kwamasampula anenani eliphezulu, ukugxila kufanele kube ekuhlanzekeni kwamabhodlela, ukungangeni kwezinto, kanye nokusebenza kokuvala, okungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba kwedatha ngisho nangezindleko eziphakeme kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho wakha imitapo yolwazi yamasampula noma uphatha amaphrojekthi esikhathi eside, kubalulekile ukubeka phambili amabhodlela asezingeni eliphezulu anebhakhodi, angangeni efrijini, futhi angangeni ekungcoleni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulandelwa kwamasampula kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuphathwa kwedatha.

Uma kubhekwa konke, i-vial yesampula, nakuba incane, iyisixhumanisi esibalulekile phakathi komklamo wokuhlola, ikhwalithi yesampula kanye nemiphumela yokuhlaziya. Ngokucatshangelwa okuhlelekile kwezimpawu zesampula, imishini yokuhlola, izindlela zokugcina kanye nosayizi wesabelomali, umthombo wokushisa wokuhlola ungakhetha ngokwesayensi i-vial yokuqoqa isampula efaneleke kakhulu, ubeke isisekelo esiqinile senqubo yonke yocwaningo.

Izitayela Zesikhathi Esizayo Neziqondiso Ezintsha

Ngokuthuthuka kokwenziwa okuzenzakalelayo kocwaningo lwesayensi kanye nomqondo wokuhlola okuluhlaza, amabhodlela okuqoqa amasampula ayashintsha ngokuya ngokuvikelwa okuhlekisayo nokwemvelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalabhorethri anezidingo ezikhulayo zesivinini sokucubungula amasampula kanye nobuningi, okwenza ama-vial aqhubeke kancane kancane ekusetshenzisweni okuncane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-modular. Ama-vial amancane aya ngokuya esetshenziswa, futhi uma esetshenziswa nezinhlelo ezenzakalelayo, awagcini nje ngokulondoloza isikhala kanye nama-reagent, kodwa futhi athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, evumelana nesidingo sezilingo zanamuhla sesivinini kanye nokunemba.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezinobungani nemvelo nakho sekuyinto ebalulekile embonini. Ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo wemvelo obangelwa amapulasitiki alahlwayo, amabhodlela amaningi asebenzisa izinto ezibolayo noma ezisekelwe ku-bio. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokupakisha kanye nokukhiqiza ivame ukuba lula futhi ibe luhlaza, ngokuhambisana nomkhuba wokwakhiwa kwelabhorethri okusimeme.

Esikhathini esizayo, amabhodlela ngeke abe yizinto ezidliwayo kuphela, kodwa futhi azoba yingxenye ebalulekile yentuthuko ehlakaniphile neqhubekayo yamalebhu.