Isingeniso

Izitsha ze-scintillation zithwebula amasignali okukhanya akhiqizwa ukuvuswa kwezinhlayiya ezikhipha imisebe ngokusebenzisa izinto eziwumthombo we-fluorescent, isimiso esiyinhloko esisekelwe ekusebenzelaneni kwemisebe ye-ionizing nendaba. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, baye baba insika ye-nuclear physics, ucwaningo lwezokwelapha kanye nemvelo ngenxa yokuzwela kwabo okuphezulu kanye nokucaciswa kwabo. Ngokwesiko, bebenganyakaziswa kumathuluzi asezingeni eliphezulu kumalabhorethri ukuze kuhlaziywe ikhwalithi nenani lama-radioisotopes.

Izitsha zokuvuthwa zangaphambi kwesikhathi zazinqunyelwe ubukhulu bazo obukhulu, ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nezindleko eziphakeme, futhi zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi kumalabhorethri akhethekile.Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwezitholi ze-semiconductor ezincane, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha ze-scintillator, nokuhlanganiswa kwabafundi abaphathekayo kuye kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle nokuphatheka kahle.

Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe Eziyinhloko Zezitsha Ze-Scantillation

1. Izindlela zokusebenza eziwumgogodla

Ukusebenzisana kwempahla ye-fluorescent ne-radioactive material: Uma into ekhipha imisebe (isb. i-alpha, i-beta noma imisebe ye-gamma) ingena ku-vial ye-scintillation, ihlangana nento ekhanyayo (i-scintillator) ngaphakathi kwebhodlela. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuholela ekujabuleni kwama-molecule noma ama-athomu kokokusebenza kwe-fluorescent kanye nokukhululwa okulandelayo kwama-photon ngesikhathi sokususwa kwe-excitation, okukhiqiza isignali yokukhanya ebonakalayo.

Readout Amadivayisi: I-PMT (I-Photomultiplier Tube) ingumtshina wesithombe ozwela kakhulu okwazi ukuguqula amasiginali okukhanya abuthaka abe amasignali kagesi, aphinde akhuliswe isekethe ye-amplifier ukuze ekugcineni ikhiphe amasignali kagesi alinganisekayo. Ama-Silicon photodetectors, ngakolunye uhlangothi, awuhlobo lwe-photodetector olusekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-semiconductor, ekwazi ukuguqula ngokuqondile amasignali okukhanya abe amasignali kagesi ngekhono eliphezulu le-quantum nomsindo ophansi.

2. Izinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile

Ukusebenza kwezitsha ze-scintillation kukalwa ngamamethrikhi ambalwa abalulekile:

Ukuzwela (Umkhawulo Wokuthola): Ukuzwela kuwumsebenzi ophansi kakhulu ongatholwa yizitsha zokupholisa. Ukuphakama kokuzwela, kuyancipha ukugxila kwezinto ezinomsakazo ezingatholwa e-Europe. Ukuzwela kuthintwa ukusebenza kahle kwe-luminescence kwempahla ye-fluorescent, ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum kwe-photodetector kanye nezinga lomsindo wesistimu.

Ukulungiswa kwamandla: Isixazululo samandla yikhono lezitsha ze-scintillation ukuze zihlukanise phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezinemisebe zamandla ahlukene. Uma isixazululo siphezulu, izinhlayiya ezinemisebe zamandla ahlukene zingabonwa futhi zihlukaniseke. Ukulungiswa kwamandla kuncike kakhulu kwizakhiwo ze-luminescent zento ye-fluorescent, ukusebenza kwe-photodetector, kanye nekhwalithi yomjikelezo wokucubungula isignali.

Ukuzinza: Ukuzinza kusho ikhono le-scintillation vials ukugcina ukusebenza okungaguquki esikhathini eside. Izitsha ze-scintillation ezizinzile ziyakwazi ukugcina imiphumela engaguquki ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Ukuzinza kuthinteka ekuzinzeni kwamakhemikhali ezinto ze-fluorescent, izici zokuguga ze-photodetector, nezici zemvelo (isb, izinga lokushisa, umswakama).

Ukuhambisana Kwezinto ezibonakalayo: Izitsha zokudonsa zidinga ukuhambisana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamasampuli, okuhlanganisa uketshezi, amasampula aqinile kanye negesi. Ukuhambisana kwezinto kuncike ezintweni ze-scintillation vials (isb. ingilazi noma ipulasitiki) kanye nekhemistri yento ekhanyayo. Izinhlobo zesampula ezihlukene zingadinga imiklamo ehlukene ye-vial ye-scintillation nokukhetha kwempahla.

Umgomo oyinhloko wobuchwepheshe wezitsha ze-scintillation usekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kwezinto ezikhanyayo nezinto ezikhipha imisebe, kukalwa ngokuguqula amasignali okubona abe amasignali kagesi ngeshubhu le-photomultiplier i-Shanghai silicon photodetectors. Izinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile zifaka ukuzwela, ukulungiswa kwamandla, ukuzinza kanye nokuhambisana kwezinto ezibonakalayo, okuhlanganisa ukuhlonza amandla okubona kanye nokusebenza kwezitsha ze-scintillation.

Izicelo Ezihlukahlukene ezivela Elabhorethri kuya Ekuqashweni Kwemvelo

Izitsha ze-scintillation, njengethuluzi elisebenza kahle kakhulu lokutholwa kwe-radioactivity, zisetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri oluyisisekelo kuya ekuqaphelweni kwemvelo, ezisetshenziswa zezimboni nokuphepha, futhi zidlulela nasezindaweni eziqhamukayo ezinqamulanayo.

1. Ucwaningo lwaselabhorethri oluyisisekelo

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Nuclide: Isetshenziselwa ukunqunywa komthamo we-alpha, beta ne-gamma ray isotopes njenge-tritium (H-3) ne-carbon-14 (C-14). Isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokunembile umsebenzi wama-radioisotopes emikhakheni efana ne-nuclear physics kanye ne-geological dating.

Izifundo zemetabolism yezidakamizwa: Ukulandelela izindlela ze-metabolic kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezidakamizwa ezinto eziphilayo kusetshenziswa izinhlanganisela ezine-radiolabeled (isb, izidakamizwa ezinelebula elithi C-14). Isetshenziswa ezifundweni ze-pharmacology kanye ne-toxicology ukuhlola ukumuncwa, ukusatshalaliswa, i-metabolism kanye nokuphuma (ADME) kwezidakamizwa.

Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kokudla: ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kokungcola kwe-radioactive ekudleni; esetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla ngemva kwezingozi zenuzi noma ezindaweni ezinemisebe ephezulu.

2. Indawo yokuqapha imvelo

Ukuqapha imithombo yamanzi: Ukutholwa kwama-radionuclide emanzini okuphuza kanye namanzi angcolile ezimbonini kusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinga lokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lamanzi liyahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha.

Umhlabathi nomkhathi: Ukulandelela ukusabalala kwe-radioactive fallout ngemva kwengozi yenuzi, ukuqapha ukugxila kwe-radionuclide enhlabathini nasemkhathini, kanye nokuhlola ukululama kwemvelo.

Amasampula ezinto eziphilayo: Hlaziya ukunqwabelana kwezinsimbi ezisindayo noma izinto ezikhipha imisebe ezicutshini zezitshalo nezilwane. Isetshenziswa ezifundweni ze-ecotoxicology ukuhlola umthelela wokungcoliswa kwemisebe kuma-ecosystems.

3. Izicelo zezimboni nokuphepha

Ukuhlola okungabhubhisi: ukuqapha ukuvuza kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe emishinini yezimboni. Isetshenziswa ezimbonini zamandla enuzi, amakhemikhali e-petrochemicals, njll., ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphepha nobuqotho bemishini.

Ukuvikelwa kwemisebe: isetshenziswa njengomngane wamadosimitha omuntu siqu ukuqapha umthamo wemisebe owamukelwe abasebenzi. Ezikhungweni zenuzi, iminyango ye-radiology yasesibhedlela nezinye izindawo zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemisebe.

Impendulo Ephuthumayo: ukuze kuhlolwe ngokushesha amazinga emisebe lapho kuba nengozi yenuzi noma kuvuza kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe. Isetshenziselwa ukuqapha imisebe kanye nokusekelwa kwezinqumo eziphuthumayo ezindaweni zezinhlekelele.

4. Izindawo eziqhamukayo eziphambanayo

I-Biomedical: Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Radiolabeling kwezokwelapha zomdlavuza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqondiswa kwezidakamizwa nokusebenza ngempumelelo. Ekwelashweni kwe-radioisotope, ukulandelela ukusatshalaliswa kwezidakamizwa kanye ne-metabolism.

I-Nanomatadium: ukufunda umthelela we-synergistic we-nanoparticles ekutholweni kwe-radioactivity ukuthuthukisa ukuzwela kokutholwa nokusebenza kahle. Dala izinto ezintsha ze-nano-scintillator ukuze uthole ukunemba okuphezulu kwe-radioactivity.

Ukuhlola indawo: ukuthola imisebe ye-cosmic nokufunda imiphumela yemvelo yemisebe yasemkhathini kumikhumbi-mkhathi nosomkhathi. Linganisa ukusebenza kwezinto zokuvikela imisebe yemikhumbi-mkhathi ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kohambo lwasemkhathini.

Ukusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo kwezitsha ze-scintillation zihlanganisa izimo eziningi kusukela ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri kuya ekuqaphelweni kwemvelo, izicelo zezimboni nokuphepha, kanye nezindawo ezivelayo ezinqamulanayo. Ukuzwela kwazo okuphezulu, ukunemba nokuhambisana kwazo kuzenza zibe ithuluzi elibalulekile lokutholwa kwe-radioactivity, ezidlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha kwezimboni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuvelayo.

I-Technological Innovation Drives Multifunctionality

Izitsha ze-scintillation ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukuhlelelwa futhi zithuthukiswe ngaphandle kokukhuthazwa kokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi kusayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuthuthukiswa okukhaliphile kanye nokumisa kanye nokuthuthuka kokusekelwa kokulawula.

1. Ukuphumelela kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo

Izinto ezintsha ze-scintillator: i-thallium-doped cesium iodide, ama-scintillator asekelwe ku-lutetium, ama-organic scintillator, ama-nano-scintillator, njll., engathuthukisa ukuzwela, imikhawulo yokutholwa ephansi, inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, inwebe impilo yezisetshenziswa, ithuthukise ukuzinza kwempahla, futhi ivumelane nezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi (isb, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umswakama ophezulu).

2. Ukuthuthukiswa okuhlakaniphile

Ama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa ukusiza ekuhlaziyeni idatha: Ama-algorithms okufunda komshini asetshenziselwa ukuhlonza ngokuzenzakalela izinhlobo ze-nuclide, ukuthuthukisa ukunemba nokusebenza kahle kokuhlaziywa kwedatha. Lungiselela ukucutshungulwa kwesignali ngamamodeli okufunda ajulile ukuze unciphise ukuphazamiseka komsindo, uthuthukise ukunemba kokutholwa, futhi uzuze ukuhlaziya okusheshayo kanye nomthamo wamasampuli axubile ane-nuclide eningi.

Ipulatifomu yamafu kanye nobuchwepheshe be-IoT: yakha inkundla yokwabelana ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela ukuze uthole inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yokuqapha i-radioactivity. Sekela ukuqapha kwemvelo okukhulu kanye nokusabela kwezimo eziphuthumayo ngokuqapha okukude nokuhlaziya idatha, futhi unikeze amathuluzi okubona idatha ukuze usize abenzi bezinqumo baqonde ngokushesha ukusatshalaliswa kwemisebe namathrendi.

(Izinzuzo: Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula idatha futhi unciphise ukungenelela kwabantu; qaphela ukuqapha okukude kanye nesixwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sangempela, futhi uthuthukise amandla okuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo; thuthukisa ukubambisana komhlaba wonke nokwabelana ngedatha, futhi ukhuthaze ucwaningo lwesayensi nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe.)

Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe kungamandla ashukumisayo okusebenza okuningi kwezitsha ze-scintillation. Ukuphumelela kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo nezinto ezintsha ze-scintillator kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kokutholwa; ukuthuthukiswa okuhlakaniphile kwenze ukuhlaziya idatha kwasebenza kahle futhi kunembe kakhudlwana. Lezi zindlela ezintsha azigcini nje ngokukhulisa izimo zokusetshenziswa kwezitsha ze-scintillation, kodwa futhi zikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele kobuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwe-radioactivity, ukuhlinzeka ngokusekela okuqinile kocwaningo lwesayensi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuphepha kwenyukliya.

Izinselele Nezixazululo

Izitsha ze-scintillation zibhekana nezinselelo eziningi ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi, okuhlanganisa nezindaba zezindleko, inkimbinkimbi yokusebenza, kanye nesampula yokwelashwa kusengaphambili. Ukuphendula lezi zinkinga, imboni ihlongoze izixazululo ezihlukahlukene zokuqhuba ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuthandwa kobuchwepheshe.

1. Izinkinga ezikhona

High cost: Izindleko eziphezulu ze-R&D zemishini emincane kanye nezinto ezisebenza kahle zikhawulela ukusabalala kwesilinganiso esikhulu. Imishini yokuhlola ebucayi kakhulu iyabiza futhi kunzima ukuyihlanganisa ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo wezinsiza noma amalabhorethri amancane naphakathi nendawo.

Inkimbinkimbi yokusebenza: Amathuluzi okuthola i-radiological ngokuvamile adinga abasebenzi abakhethekile ukuze basebenze futhi banakekele, okwandisa umkhawulo wokusetshenziswa. Ukuphathwa kwesampula eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezinqubo zokuhlaziya idatha zibeka izidingo zobuchwepheshe eziphezulu kubasebenzi abangakhethekile.

Isampula yemikhawulo yokwelashwa kwangaphambili: Amanye amasampuli (isb., inhlabathi, izicubu zebhayoloji) adinga ukwelashwa kwangaphambili okunemininingwane nokuyinkimbinkimbi (isb., ukuchithwa, ukuhluzwa, ukugxilisa ingqondo), okwandisa isikhathi sokuhlola nezindleko. Izinyathelo zokwelapha kusengaphambili zingase zethule amaphutha angathinta ukunemba kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa.

2. Amasu okuphendula

I-Miniaturization kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinzwa ezingabizi kakhulu: Ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokuhlola ephathekayo emincane, esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Hlola izinto ezintsha ezingabizi kakhulu zama-scintillator kanye nama-photodetectors ukuze ungene esikhundleni sezingxenye ezibizayo zendabuko. Dizayina okokusebenza kokuhlola kusakhiwo esiyimojuli ukuze kube lula ukugcinwa nokuthuthukiswa, nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenzisa isikhathi eside.

Idizayini yesixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula kanye nokwenza kahle kwenqubo okuzenzakalelayo: Thuthukisa ukuxhumana komsebenzisi okunembile okunikeza isiqondiso sokusebenza kanye nempendulo yesikhathi sangempela ukuze unciphise ukusetshenziswa kalula. Ukuhlanganiswa kokucubungula okuzenzakalelayo kwesampula nemisebenzi yokuhlaziya idatha kunciphisa ukungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlola. Isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kobuhlakani ukuze inikeze izeluleko zokusebenza nokuxazulula izinkinga ukusiza abangebona ochwepheshe baqale ngokushesha.

Ukuqamba okusha okuhlanganisiwe kubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ngaphambilini: ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlola okungadingi ukucubungula kwangaphambili okuyinkimbinkimbi (isb, ukukalwa okuqondile kwamasampuli aqinile noma anegesi), okwenza inqubo yokusebenza ibe lula. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinyathelo zokwelashwa zangaphambi kwesampula kumishini yokuthola ukuze kutholwe okudidiyelwe. Yakha izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzayo zesampula (isb. ukugaya i-microwave, i-ultrasonic extraction) ukuze unciphise isikhathi sokwelashwa.

Nakuba izitsha ze-scintillation zibhekana nezinselele ezinhlelweni ezifana nezindleko, ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kokusebenza kanye nesampula yokwelashwa kwangaphambili, lezi zinkinga zixazululwa kancane kancane ngokuthuthukiswa kwenzwa okunezindleko eziphansi, amadizayini odadewenu asebenziseka kalula, kanye nokusungula okuhlanganisiwe kubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngaphambilini. Lawa maqhinga okubhekana nawo awehlisi nje kuphela umkhawulo wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa nokunemba. Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe, izitsha ze-scintillation zizodlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni ezifanele kakhulu.

Ikusasa Outlook

Izitsha ze-scintillation, njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokutholwa kwe-radioactivity, zizovula amathuba amasha entuthuko mayelana nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe namandla okusebenza esikhathini esizayo.

1. Izitayela zobuchwepheshe

Ukutholwa kwe-Multimodal: Thuthukisa okokusebenza okuhlanganisa izinzwa zamakhemikhali nemisebenzi yokuthola i-radioactivity ukuze kuzuzwe ukutholwa ngasikhathi sinye kwezinto zamakhemikhali nama-radionuclide kumasampuli. Ukwandisa ububanzi bezinhlelo zokusebenza ngobuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwe-multimodal yokuqapha indawo ezungezile, ukuphepha kokudla kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-biomedical.

2. Amandla okufaka isicelo

Ukuqapha kweqhwa elincanyana kumongo wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele: ukufunda umthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ekuncibilikeni kweqhwa kanye nezokuthutha ezingcolisayo ngokuthola ama-radionuclide kumaqhwa asezindaweni ezishisayo. Kusetshenziswa idatha yokutholwa kwe-radionuclide, umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele ezizindeni ezishisayo zizohlolwa, kuhlinzekwe isisekelo sesayensi sezinqubomgomo zokuvikela imvelo.

Ukwesekwa komnotho oyindilinga ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwamandla enuzi: Ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokutholwa okuzwela kakhulu kokukalwa okunembile nokulawulwa kwama-radionuclide kudoti yenuzi ukuze kusekelwe ukugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza yenuzi. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukusatshalaliswa nokugxilwa kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe phakathi nomjikelezo kaphethiloli wenuzi kuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusimama kokusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi.

Ngokuzayo, izitsha ze-scintillation zizothuthukisa amandla azo okuthola kanye nobubanzi bokusebenza, obuqhutshwa amathrendi ezobuchwepheshe njengokutholwa kwe-multimodal. Ngaleso sikhathi, mayelana namandla okusebenza afana nokugadwa kweqhwa elincanyana kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwamandla enuzi, izitsha ze-scintillation zizohlinzeka ngokusekela okubalulekile ocwaningweni lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kanye nomnotho oyindilinga wamandla enuzi. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, izitsha ze-scintillation zizodlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni eminingi futhi zenze iminikelo emikhulu ocwaningweni lwesayensi nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Isiphetho

Izitsha ze-scintillation, njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlola i-radiographic, ziye zashintsha kancane kancane kusukela ekuqaleni kwazo njengethuluzi elilodwa laselabhorethri kuya ocezu lwesisetshenziswa esibalulekile emikhakheni eminingi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezitsha ze-scintillation kubonisa amandla okuqamba okusha nokubambisana kwezinhlaka ezahlukene, futhi ukuguqulwa ukusuka ethuluzini laselabhorethri elilodwa ukuya ocezu olubalulekile lwemishini emikhakheni eminingi kugqamisa ukubaluleka kwayo ocwaningweni lwesayensi nasekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo. Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthuka okwengeziwe kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwezimo zokusetshenziswa, izitsha ze-scintillation zizodlala indima ebaluleke nakakhulu ekuphepheni kwe-nuclear yomhlaba wonke, ukubusa kwemvelo kanye nentuthuko esimeme.