Isingeniso

Izitsha ze-Scintillation ziyizinto ezisetshenziswayo ezibalulekile zokubala uketshezi lwe-scintillation, ikakhulukazi ezisetshenziselwa ukukala umsebenzi wama-radioisotopes. Umgomo wokusebenza ukubeka uketshezi lwe-scintillation oluqukethe amasampula emisebe ezitsheni ze-scintillation, futhi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezikhipha imisebe kanye noketshezi lwe-scintillation kukhiqiza i-fluorescence, etholwa ngamashubhu e-photomultiplier ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokwesilinganiso ubukhulu be-radioactivity.

Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusebenzisa izitsha ze-scintillation kubalulekile futhi kuthinta ngokuqondile ukunemba nokuthembeka kwemiphumela yokuhlola. Izinto ezihlukile zinezici ze-physicochemical ezihlukene, njengokungangeni kwamakhemikhali, ukukhanya, ukumelana nokushisa, ukubala okungemuva, njll. Lezi zakhiwo zizothinta ukuzinza kwesampula, ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa, ukuphepha kokusebenza kanye nezindleko zokuhlola. Ngakho-ke,ukukhetha okufanelekile kwezitsha ze-scintillation ngokwezidingo ezithile zokuhlola kanye nezici zesampula kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuthola imiphumela yokuhlola enembile nethembekile.

Izitsha ze-Glass Scintillation

Izitsha ze-Glass scintillation zithatha isikhundla esibalulekile emkhakheni wokubala we-liquid scintillation ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo okuhle kakhulu. Izinzuzo zayo zibonakala ngokuyinhloko kulezi zici ezilandelayo:

1. Ukusebenza kahle kwamakhemikhali: impahla yengilazi iyakwazi ukumelana nokuguguleka kwezinyibilikisi eziningi eziphilayo, ama-asidi, ama-alkali namanye amakhemikhali, futhi akulula ukusabela ngamasampula, okuqinisekisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuzinza kwamasampula kanye nokunemba kwemiphumela yokuhlola. Isibonelo, lapho ukala amasampula emisebe endaweni ene-asidi eqinile noma ene-alkaline, amabhodlela engilazi angahlala azinzile, kuyilapho amabhodlela epulasitiki angase ancibilike noma awonakale, okuthinta imiphumela yokuhlolwa.

2. Ukungafihli Okuphezulu: Ingilazi icace kakhulu futhi ingakhulisa ukudluliswa kwe-fluorescence ekhiqizwe isixazululo se-scintillation, esithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa kwe-photomultiplier, okuholela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kobuchwepheshe kanye nemiphumela yokulinganisa enembe kakhudlwana.

3. Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu: Izitsha zengilazi ziyakwazi ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokwelapha inzalo, njengokuvala inzalo ngesitimu esihle, esifanele isiko lamaseli, ukuhlola amagciwane kanye nokunye ukuhlola okudinga indawo eqinile ye-aseptic.

4. Ukubala okunezindleko eziphansi: Into yengilazi ngokwayo inomsakazo ophansi kakhulu, onganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuphazamiseka okungemuva futhi ithuthukise ukuzwela nokunemba kokulinganisa, kulungele ikakhulukazi ukutholwa kwamasampuli emisebe yezinga eliphansi.

Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izithiyo ezitholakala ku-glass scintillation vials:

1. Entekenteke: I-glass material i-brittle futhi ijwayele ukuphuka ngesikhathi sokusebenza, kunengozi yokuphepha yokuklwebha abasebenzi noma ukungcolisa imvelo, okudinga ukusebenza ngokucophelela.

2. Isisindo: Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhodlela epulasitiki, amabhodlela engilazi anesisindo esiningi, okwandisa izindleko zokuhamba nokugcinwa.

3. Inani eliphakeme: ngenxa yezinto ezifana nenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko zempahla eluhlaza, intengo yezitsha zengilazi ze-scintillation ivamise ukuba phezulu kunokupakishwa okwenziwe ngezinye izinto ezifana nepulasitiki.

Sekukonke, izitsha ze-glass scintillation zinezinzuzo ezingenakushintshwa emkhakheni wokubala kwe-liquid scintillation ngenxa yokungabi namakhemikhali okuhle kakhulu, ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokubala okuphansi okungemuva, okufanelekile ikakhulukazi ukulinganisa okunembayo okuphezulu, indawo ye-asidi eqinile kanye ne-alkali, ukuvala inzalo kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezidingo zokubala zangemuva eziphansi ziyisivivinyo. Kodwa-ke, ukungalungi kwe-fragility, ubunzima kanye nenani eliphezulu kudingeka kucatshangelwe ekukhethweni.

Izitsha zePlastiki Scintillation

Izitsha zepulasitiki ze-scintillation nazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokubala uketshezi ngenxa yokungasindi kwazo, ukuqina kanye nokufinyeleleka kwazo. Izinzuzo zayo zibonakala ngokuyinhloko kulezi zici ezilandelayo:

1. Akulula ukuphuka: Izinto zepulasitiki zinokuqina okuhle, zingamelana nomthelela othile nokucindezela, akulula ukuphuka, ukusebenza okuphephile futhi okulula, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuphuka kanye nezingozi zokuphepha.

2. Isisindo esincane: uma kuqhathaniswa namabhodlela engilazi, amabhodlela epulasitiki anesisindo esincane, kulula ukuthutha nokugcina, ehlisa izindleko zempahla kanye nomsebenzi wendawo yaselabhorethri.

3. Intengo ephansi: Izindleko zezinto zepulasitiki ziphansi, inqubo yokukhiqiza ilula, ngakho-ke intengo yezitsha zepulasitiki ze-scintillation ngokuvamile inenzuzo kakhulu kunamabhodlela engilazi, anganciphisa izindleko zokuhlola.

4. Ipulasitiki: Izinto zepulasitiki kulula ukucubungula nokubunjwa, zingenziwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokuhlola zomumo ohlukene, imininingwane kanye nemibala yezitsha ze-scintillation, njengamabhodlela e-conical, amabhodlela ayizikwele, amabhodlela ansundu, njll., ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhethekile zokuhlola.

Kodwa-ke, izitsha zepulasitiki ze-scintillation nazo zinemikhawulo ethile:

1. I-inert encane yamakhemikhali: Ezinye izinyibilikisi eziphilayo, njenge-toluene ne-xylene, zingabangela ipulasitiki ukuthi incibilike noma yonakalise, kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa kwamashubhu e-photomultiplier futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokubala kanye nokunemba kokulinganisa.

2. Ukungafihli okuphansi: ukukhanya okuphansi kwepulasitiki uma kuqhathaniswa nengilazi kungase kunciphise ukudluliswa kwe-fluorescence okukhiqizwa uketshezi lwe-scintillation, kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa kwamashubhu e-photomultiplier futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokubala kanye nokunemba kokulinganisa.

3. Ayimelani nokushisa okuphezulu: Izinto eziningi zepulasitiki azimelani nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, futhi ukwelashwa kwe-autoclave kungase kuholele ekushintshashintsheni kwamabhodlela epulasitiki noma ukukhululwa kwamakhemikhali, okuthinta imiphumela yokuhlolwa kanye nempilo yabahloli.

4. Isibalo sangemuva esiphezulu: Ingemuva elikhipha imisebe yento yepulasitiki ngokuvamile liphakeme kunaleso lengilazi, elingase likhulise ukuphazamiseka kwangasemuva futhi linciphise ukuzwela nokunemba kokulinganisa, futhi alifanele ukutholwa kwamasampuli emisebe yezinga eliphansi.

Sengiphetha, amabhodlela epulasitiki e-scintillation anezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ezilinganisweni ezijwayelekile, ezingabizi kakhulu kanye nokuhlola okudinga ukuphepha okuphezulu kokusebenza ngenxa yezinzuzo zabo zokunganqamuki, ezingasindi, ezingabizi futhi ezithambile. Kodwa-ke, ububi bayo obufana nokungangeni kahle kwamakhemikhali, ukungacaceli okuphansi, ukungabekezelelani kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nesibalo esiphezulu sangemuva kudingeka kucatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa ukuze kugwenywe ukuthikameza ukunemba nokuthembeka kwemiphumela yokuhlola.

Umhlahlandlela Wokukhetha Okubalulekile

Ukukhetha ibhodlela le-scintillation elifanele kudinga inhlanganisela yezinto ezilandelayo:

Izibonelo Zezakhiwo

1. Izinhlobo zezincibilikisi: Izincibilikisi ezihlukene zinezidingo ezihlukene zokuzinza kwamakhemikhali wento. Isibonelo, izincibilikisi eziphilayo ezifana ne-toluene nexylene zingancibilikisa amapulasitiki athile, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukukhetha ibhodlela lengilazi elingenamakhemikhali amaningi.

2. I-Acid ne-alkali: i-asidi eqinile nemvelo ye-alkali izogqwala ezinye izinto, udinga ukukhetha ukusebenza okungcono kwe-asidi ne-alkali yebhodlela lengilazi.

3. Umfutho we-Radioactivity: Amasampula emisebe esezingeni eliphansi adinga ukukhetha amabhodlela engilazi anezibalo eziphansi zangemuva ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka okungemuva futhi kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kokulinganisa.

Izidingo Zokuhlola

1. Ukunemba kokutholwa: Ukulinganisa okunembe kakhulu kudinga ukukhethwa kwamabhodlela engilazi anokukhanya okuphezulu nokubala okungemuva okuphansi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa kanye nokunemba kokulinganisa.

2. Izidingo zokuzala: ukuhlolwa okudinga ukuvalwa kwezinga lokushisa okuphezulu kudinga ukukhethwa kwezitsha zengilazi ezimelana nokushisa okuphezulu.

3. Ukuphepha kokusebenza: izivivinyo ezihambisana nokushayisana phakathi nokusebenza ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubungozi bokuphepha emsebenzini zidinga ukukhetha amabhodlela epulasitiki anganqamuki ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kokusebenza.

Ukwabiwa Kwezindleko

1. Izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo: amabhodlela engilazi ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu kunamabhodlela epulasitiki.

2. Izindleko zokuhamba nezokugcina: amabhodlela engilazi anesisindo esiningi futhi ayabiza kakhulu ukuwahambisa nokugcina.

Izinketho Ezinconyiwe

1. Izitsha zengilazi zifanele ukuhlolwa okudinga ukunemba okuphezulu, izindawo ze-asidi eqinile ne-alkali, ukuvala inzalo kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, nokubala okungemuva okuphansi.

2. Izitsha zepulasitiki zifanele ukukalwa okujwayelekile, ukuhlolwa okungazweli kakhulu, kanye nokuhlola okudinga ukuphepha okuphezulu ekusebenzeni.

Ukukhethwa kokugcina kwezinto zokusebenzisa izitsha ze-scintillation kumele kukalwe kuqhathaniswa nezidingo ezithile zokuhlola kanye nezici zesampula. Kunconywa ukuthi uthintane nochwepheshe noma wenze ukuhlola kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokukhetha okukodwa ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukhetha umsebenzi ofaneleka kakhulu futhi uthole imiphumela yokuhlola enembile nethembekile.

Isiphetho

Izitsha ze-scintillation ezenziwe ngengilazi nepulasitiki ziyizinto ezisebenzisekayo kubuchwepheshe bokubala be-liquid scintillation futhi ngayinye inezinzuzo nemikhawulo ehlukile. Izitsha zengilazi zihamba phambili ekuhlolweni okudinga ukunemba okuphezulu, indawo ene-asidi eqinile ne-alkaline, i-autoclaving nezibalo zangemuva eziphansi ngenxa yokungangeni kahle kwamakhemikhali, ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa okuphezulu nokubala okungemuva okuphansi. Amabhodlela epulasitiki, ngakolunye uhlangothi, anezinzuzo zawo zokunganqamuki, angasindi, angabizi futhi athambile, anendawo ezilinganisweni ezijwayelekile, ezingabizi kakhulu kanye nezivivinyo ezidinga ukuphepha okuphezulu kokusebenza.

Ukukhetha izinto ezifanele zamabhodlela e-scintillation akuwona umsebenzi olula futhi kudinga inhlanganisela yezinto ezifana nemvelo yesampula, izidingo zokuhlola kanye nesabelomali sezindleko. Isibonelo, ezilinganisweni ezinembile kakhulu ezindaweni ezine-asidi eqinile kanye ne-alkali, izitsha zengilazi ngokungangabazeki ziyinketho engcono, kuyilapho ezilinganisweni ezijwayelekile kanye nokuhlolwa okungazweli kakhulu, izitsha zepulasitiki zibiza kakhulu.

Ukukhethwa okulungile nokusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela e-scintillation kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuthola imiphumela enembile nethembekile. Abahloli kufanele bahlole ngokucophelela izinzuzo kanye nobubi bezinto ezihlukene ngokwezidingo zabo zokuhlola, bakhethe izitsha ezifanele kakhulu ze-scintillation, futhi bazisebenzise ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nezinqubo zokusebenza, ukuze baqinisekise ukunemba nokuthembeka kwedatha yokuhlola, futhi banikeze ukusekela okuqinile kocwaningo-mbumbulu lwesayensi.