Isingeniso

Njengoba ukungcola kwemvelo kuba yinkinga enkulu, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuvikelwa kwempilo yomphakathi kanye nokulawulwa kwezimboni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwamanzi okuphuza, ukuqapha ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini, noma ukuhlolwa kwemvelo kwemifula namachibi, idatha yokuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi yamanzi enembile iyisisekelo sokwenza izinqumo zesayensi kanye nokuphathwa kokuhambisana.

Njengesinyathelo sokuqala enkambisweni yokuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi, ukunemba kokuqoqwa kwamasampula kuhlobene ngqo nokuthembeka kwayo yonke inqubo yokuhlola.Amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA, njengoba izitsha zokuthwala amasampula, yize zincane ngobukhulu futhi zibukeka zilula, ziyisici esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuthi amasampula awanawo amagciwane, awasabeli, futhi agcinwa kahle.Uma ukukhetha kungafanele, ngeke kuholele ekuphazamisekeni kwedatha yokuhlola kuphela, futhi kungabangela ngisho nokusampula okuphindaphindiwe, kubambezele inqubekela phambili yomsebenzi futhi kwandise izindleko.

Incazelo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaVili Okuhlaziya Amanzi e-EPA

Ama-vial okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA ayizitsha ezikhethekile zokuthatha amasampula ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuthatha amasampula nokuhlaziya ze-EPA futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqoqa nokugcina amasampula amanzi ukuze ahlolwe elebhu elandelayo. Lawa ma-vial enzelwe izinto ezahlukene zokuhlola, izidingo zokulondolozwa, kanye nezici zezinto ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola, ukuwohloka, noma izinguquko zokwakheka ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa nokugcinwa, nokuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuphindaphindwa kwemiphumela yokuhlaziya.

Ngokwezinto zokwakha nemisebenzi ehlukene, amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA ahlukaniswe kakhulu ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Amabhodlela engilazi

• Ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuqoqa ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo ngoba ayisebenzi, ayimunci kalula izinto eziqondiwe, futhi ingamelana nokuhlanza okushisa okuphezulu. Ivame ukufakwa izivalo zezikulufo kanye nama-gasket e-PTFE/silicone ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvalwa kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali.

2. Amabhodlela e-polyethylene

• Kubandakanya i-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu kanye nezinto ze-polyethylene ezinobukhulu obuphansi, ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukusampula amazinga amahlanu okungcola okufana nama-ion ensimbi, usawoti wezakhamzimba, ama-anion kanye nama-cation. Lawa mabhodlela amelana nokushayisana futhi alula, okwenza afaneleke ukuthwaleka endaweni futhi asetshenziswe ngobuningi obukhulu.

3. Amabhodlela e-amber

• Inomsebenzi omuhle wokufiphaza futhi isetshenziswa ngokukhethekile ekuhlaziyeni izinto ezizwela ukukhanya, ezingavimbela ngempumelelo ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa yi-UV noma ukubola.

4. Amabhodlela afakwe i-Teflon

• Ifanele ukuhlaziywa okunembe kakhulu, kwezinga lokulandelela, njengokuqoqwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo noma amasampula aqothulayo kakhulu. I-PTFE inokumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali kanye nokungangeni kahle, futhi ngeke isabele cishe kunoma yiziphi izinto, kodwa ibiza kakhulu.

Izinto ngazinye zamabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA zinobubanzi bazo obuthile bokusetshenziswa, ukukhethwa kumele kusekelwe ohlotsheni lwezinto zokuhlola, izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zalowo ohlosiwe, kanye nokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwelashwa ukuze kufane nohlobo lwebhodlela olufanele kanye nezimo zangaphambi kokwelashwa. Uma isitsha singakhethwanga kahle, singaphazamisa idatha yokuhlolwa, noma siholele ekuchithekeni kwesampula noma sidinge ukuqoqwa kabusha, kuthinte yonke inqubo yephrojekthi.

Izici Ezibalulekile Ekukhetheni Amabhodlela Okuhlaziya Amanzi e-EPA

Ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi, ukukhetha amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA afanele kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni imiphumela enembile.

1. Uhlobo lwento yokuhlola

Izinto zokuhlola ezahlukene zihambisana nezidingo ezahlukene zokuthatha amasampula, ngakho isinyathelo sokuqala ekukhetheni amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA ukuchaza izinto zokuhlola:

• Ukutholwa kokungcola kwezinto eziphilayo: njengezakhi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo, izakhi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo kancane, njll., kumele zisebenzise amabhodlela engilazi. Izinto zengilazi zivimbela ngempumelelo ukumuncwa kanye nokuguquguquka kwezingxenye eziphilayo, futhi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukufaka i-asidi kusengaphambili ukuvimbela umsebenzi wamagciwane nokuvimbela ukuwohloka kwesithako.
• Ukutholwa kwensimbi enamandla: njenge-lead, i-mercury, i-cadmium nezinye izakhi zensimbi ezilandelanayo, kufanele zisebenzise amabhodlela e-polyethylene aqinile, ngenxa yokuthi ayinawo ukuphazamiseka kwesizinda sensimbi, akulula ukumunca ama-ion ensimbi, futhi izinzile kahle ngamakhemikhali.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-microbiological: njengebhaktheriya ye-coliform, inani lamakholoni aphelele, njll., kudingeka basebenzise amabhodlela epulasitiki angenamagciwane, alahlwayo, ngokuvamile i-PET noma i-polypropylene, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amasampula awangcoliswanga ngaphambi kokuthuthwa.

2. Ukukhetha izinto

Izimfanelo zezinto ezahlukene zinezici zazo futhi zithinta idatha yokuhlola ngendlela ehlukile:

• Amabhodlela engilazi: ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukungasebenzisi amakhemikhali, akulula ukusabela ngezinto eziphilayo, okulungiselelwe ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, isisindo sikhulu, kulula ukusiphula, ukuthuthwa kudinga ukuqaphela.
• Amabhodlela epulasitiki (i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, njll.): kulula, akulula ukuphula, kufanelekile ekuhlaziyweni okuningi kwezinto ezingaphili. Kodwa-ke, amanye amapulasitiki angase amunce ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo noma akhiphe ukungcola kwangemuva, akufanelekele ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo.

3. Ukuthi ukucubungula kusengaphambili kuyadingeka yini

Amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA avame ukudinga ukugcwaliswa kusengaphambili ngezithako zokulondoloza noma ukwelashwa ukuze kugcinwe ukuqina kwesampula:

• Izithako zokuvikela ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-HCI, i-HNO₃, ne-NaOH.
• Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi: kunganciphisa izinguquko, kodwa kudinga ukusebenza okujwayelekile kanye nezimo ezithile zasendaweni.
• Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwelebhu: ukusebenza okunembe kakhudlwana, kodwa kudinga izimo zokugcina isampula eziphezulu futhi kungaletha izinguquko ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa.

4. Umbala webhodlela

• Ibhodlela elinsundu: Isetshenziselwa ukusampula izinto ezizwela ukukhanya, njengezibulala-zinambuzane ezithile, ukungcola okungokwemvelo, njll. Kungavimba ngempumelelo imisebe ye-ultraviolet futhi kulibazise ukubola kwesampula.
• Ibhodlela elibonakalayo: ifanele amaphrojekthi angazweli ekukhanyeni, kulula ukuyibona umbala wamasampula amanzi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nezinye izakhiwo zomzimba, kodwa ayinconywa ekutholakaleni kwamakhemikhali azwela ukukhanya.

5. Ukukhetha ivolumu

• Kufanele kusekelwe endleleni yokuhlola. Izidingo zelebhu kanye nohlelo lwephrojekthi ukukhetha ivolumu yebhodlela. Imininingwane evamile ingu-40ml, 125ml, 500ml, njll.
• Amanye amaphrojekthi adinga ukuthi kushiywe inani elithile "lesikhala sekhanda lomoya" ukuze kwengezwe ama-reagent noma kuvinjelwe ukubanda nokwanda; kuyilapho amanye amaphrojekthi edinga ukuthi kungabikho sikhala esisele futhi ibhodlela ligcwaliswe lize ligcwale.

Izindinganiso ze-EPA kanye Nezidingo Zokulawula

Ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi, izitsha zokuthatha amasampula aziyona nje ingxenye yokusebenza kokuhlola, kodwa futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokulawula okuqinile kwemigomo yokulawula, i-EPA (i-US Environmental Protection Agency) ezindleleni eziningi zokuhlola emabhodleleni okuhlaziya amanzi ukuze kwenziwe amalungiselelo acacile ohlobo lokuhlaziywa kwamanzi, izinto zokwakha, kanye nokuphathwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha yokuhlaziya yesayensi, ukunemba kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho igcinwa.

1. Izindinganiso ezijwayelekile zokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi ze-EPA kanye nezidingo zamabhodlela okuthatha amasampula

Ngezansi kunezindlela eziningana zokuhlola ze-EPA ezimele kanye nezidingo zazo ezithile zamabhodlela okusampula:

• I-EPA 524.2 (ukuhlolwa kwe-VOC): kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela engilazi angenalutho angama-40 ml anama-gasket okuvala e-PTFE/silicone, kanye ne-hydrochloric acid engeziwe ebhodleleni njengesivikelo. Ibhodlela lidinga ukugcwaliswa phezulu kungabikho amabhamuza omoya noma izikhala ukuze kuvinjelwe ama-VOC ukuthi angaphumi.
• I-EPA 200.8 (Ukutholwa kwe-ICP-MS kwezinto zensimbi): ukusetshenziswa okunconywayo kwamabhodlela epulasitiki e-HDPE, amabhodlela adinga ukungezwa ku-nitric acid pre-acidification ukuvimbela ukumuncwa kwensimbi.
• Uchungechunge lwe-EPA 300 (ukuhlaziywa kwe-ion chromatography yama-anion nama-cation)Amabhodlela e-polypropylene noma e-polyethylene angasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokufaka i-asidi, amabhodlela kudingeka ahlanzeke futhi angabi nama-ion aphazamisayo afanele.
• Uchungechunge lwe-EPA 1600 (ukuhlolwa kwe-microbiological): idinga amabhodlela epulasitiki angenamagciwane, alahlwayo, avame ukusetshenziselwa ama-coliform aphelele, ama-enterococci nezinye izinkomba, ibhodlela lingangezwa enanini elifanele le-sodium thiosulfate ukuze kuncishiswe izinsalela ze-chlorine.

Indinganiso ngayinye inemithetho eqinile ngohlobo lwebhodlela, umthamo, izinga lokushisa lokugcina kanye nesikhathi sokugcina, futhi ukunganaki noma yimiphi yale mininingwane kungabangela idatha engavumelekile.

2. Izidingo zohlelo lokugunyazwa kwelabhorethri zezitsha zokuthatha amasampula

Empeleni, amalabhorethri amaningi avela eceleni adinga ukugunyazwa okukhethekile, okufana nalokhu:

• I-NELAC (Ingqungquthela Kazwelonke Yokugunyazwa Kwelabhorethri Yezemvelo): kudinga ngokusobala ukuthi izitsha zokuthatha amasampula, izinqubo zokuthatha amasampula, kanye nezindlela zokulondoloza zihambisane nezindinganiso ze-EPA noma zezwe, nokuthi uchungechunge oluphelele lwamasampula lubhalwe phansi.
• I-ISO/IEC 17025 (Izidingo Ezijwayelekile Zokufaneleka KwamaLabhoratri Okuhlola Nokulinganisa): kugcizelela ukulandeleka, ukuphathwa okujwayelekile kwemishini yokuthatha amasampula kanye namarekhodi okusetshenziswa kwayo, kanye nokusungulwa kwe-SOPs (Izinqubo Zokusebenza Ezijwayelekile) zokukhetha, ukuhlanza kanye nokugcina izitsha.

Amalabhorethri aphumelele lokhu kugunyazwa kudingeka abe nohlelo lokuphatha ukuqoqwa kwamasampula oluqinile, futhi ukukhethwa nokusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela okuthatha amasampula kumele kubhalwe phansi ukuze kuhlolwe ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle.

3. Imiphumela engokoqobo yokusebenza kokuthobela imithetho

Ukukhetha ama-vial ajwayelekile okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA afanele ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nemithethonqubo akugcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zelebhu noma zohlelo, kodwa futhi kuhlobene ngqo nalokhu okulandelayo:

• Qinisekisa ukuthi idatha yokuhlola isemthethweni futhi isemthethweni ngokwesayensi: izindlela zokuthatha amasampula nokulondoloza ezithobela umthetho ziyisisekelo sokuqapha idatha ukuze iqashelwe yiminyango kahulumeni, izinkantolo noma umphakathi.
• Ukuphumelela ekubuyekezweni kwephrojekthi kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi: Ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni zokuhlola umthelela emvelweni, izimvume zokukhipha ukungcola, ukwamukelwa kwemvelo, njll., ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwamabhodlela okuthatha amasampula kungagwema ukubuyiselwa noma ukuhlolwa kabusha ngenxa yokungalandeli imithetho.
• Gwema imfucuza yesampula kanye nengozi yokuqoqwa kabusha: Uma isampula itholakale ingasebenzi, idinga ukuqoqwa kabusha, okungagcini nje ngokubambezela intuthuko, kodwa futhi kwandisa izindleko zabasebenzi, izinto zokwakha kanye nezokuthutha.

Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Ekusebenzeni Kokuklama

Ngisho noma kukhethwa amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA ahlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-EPA, ukuphathwa okungafanele ngesikhathi sokuthatha amasampula, ukugcinwa, kanye nokuthuthwa kungase kuholele ekungcoleni kwesampula, ukuwohloka, noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwedatha. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukunaka yonke imininingwane ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho besampula kanye nokusebenza kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa.

1. Ukuhlola uphawu lwe-cap

Ukuvalwa kwama-EPA water analysis vials kuhlobene ngqo nokuthi isampula izoshintsha, ivuze, noma isabele ngokumunca umswakama ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo eshalofini:

• Ngaphambi kokuthatha isampula, isivalo kufanele sihlolwe ukuze kubonakale ukuthi isivalo sihambisana kahle nomlomo webhodlela, nokuthi kukhona yini ukuguquka, ukuphuka noma ukuguga.
• Ukuze kutholakale amakhemikhali e-volatible organic kanye nezinye izinto ezizwela kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa isivalo sokuvala esinentambo esine-PTFE/silicone gasket, usiqinise bese uholela ekuhlolweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukuvuza.
• Isivalo kufanele siqiniswe ngokushesha ngemva kokuqedwa kokusampula ukuze kugwenywe ukuchayeka isikhathi eside.

2. Izindlela zokugwema ukungcoliswa okuhlukahlukene

Noma yimuphi umsebenzi ongahlanzekile unamandla okuletha ukuphazamiseka kwangemuva okungathinta izinga langemuva lesampula, ikakhulukazi okubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni komkhondo noma ekutholakaleni kwamagciwane:

• Sebenzisa amagilavu ​​​​angasetshenziswayo eqoqweni ngalinye lesampula bese ubuyisela ibhodlela ngaphambi kokudlala ukuze uvimbele ukungcoliswa okuxubile.
• Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuqoqa isampula akhethekile (isib. izinduku zokuqoqa isampula, amaphampu okuqoqa isampula, njll.) bese uwahlanza noma uwashintshe kahle phakathi kwezindawo zokuqoqa isampula.
• Kumasampula adinga ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi endaweni, sebenzisa ama-pipettes noma ama-vial ahlanzekile agcwaliswe kusengaphambili ngezithako zokulondoloza ukuze ugweme ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emoyeni.

3. Izidingo zokulondolozwa kwesampula kanye nezokuthutha

Amasampula amanzi angase ashintshe, aguge noma ahluleke uma engagcinwa noma engathuthwanga kahle phakathi nesikhathi kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwawo kuya esikhathini sokuhlaziywa kokuhlola:

• Izinga lokushisa lokulondolozwa: amabhodlela amaningi okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA adinga ukugcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziqandisiwe ku-4℃, futhi avame ukuthuthwa ebhokisini eliqandisiwe noma ephaketheni leqhwa; amasampula e-microbiological kumele alawulwe ngokuqinile amazinga okushisa futhi ahlaziywe zingakapheli amahora ayi-6.
• Isikhathi sokulondolozwaIzinto ezahlukene zinezikhathi zokulondolozwa ezihlukene, isib. izinsuku ezingu-14 zama-VOC, amahora angu-48 kasawoti wezakhamzimba, kanye nezinyanga ezifika kwezingu-6 zezinsimbi ezisindayo (ngaphansi kwezimo zangaphambi kokuba i-acid ibe khona).
• Ukulebula Kwesitsha: Ibhodlela ngalinye lesampula kumele libhalwe ilebula lenombolo yokufuduka elibonisa isikhathi nendawo yokuthathwa kwesampula, igama lento, kanye nendlela yokulondolozwa ukuze kugwenywe ukudideka kwesampula.
• Amarekhodi ezokuthutha: Kunconywa ukusebenzisa isampula kanye nephepha lokuqoqa ukuze urekhode yonke inqubo yesampula kusukela ekuqoqweni kuya elabhorethri ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuhlolwa.

Izibonelo Zemibono Engalungile Namaphutha Avamile

Emsebenzini wokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi wangempela, ngenxa yokungazi ngokusetshenziswa kwemininingwane yamabhodlela okuthatha amasampula, kuvame ukuba nomthelela omncane kodwa ongathi sína emiphumeleni yephutha lokusebenza. Okulandelayo kubhala ukungaqondani okuningana okuvamile kanye nemiphumela ebangelwa yiko, ukuze kubhekwe futhi kuxwayiswe.

1. Ukungcola kwesampula noma ukumuncwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingalungile

• Uma kusetshenziswa amabhodlela epulasitiki avamile ukuqoqa amasampula e-VOC, amabhodlela epulasitiki (ikakhulukazi i-PVC noma i-polyethylene esezingeni eliphansi) athambekele ekumuncweni noma ekungeneni kokungcola okungokwemvelo, okuholela ekunciphiseni kokuhlushwa okuqondiwe kanye nenani eliphansi noma elingatholakali. Amabhodlela engilazi alawulwa yi-EPA anamakhanda angenamoya kufanele asetshenziswe, kanye nama-gasket e-PTFE/silicone ku-cap liner ukuqinisekisa ukungangeni kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuvalwa.

2. Ukunganaki imiphumela yokuzwela kwe-photosensitivity kuholela ekuwohlokeni kwesampula

• Uma amabhodlela engilazi abonakalayo esetshenziswa ukuqoqa amasampula ezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane futhi evezwa elangeni isikhathi eside ngemva kokuthatha isampula, izinto ezithile eziphilayo ezifana nezibulala-zinambuzane, ama-PAH, nezinto ze-nitroaromatic zizwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni, futhi zingabola futhi ziguquke ngaphansi kokukhanya, okuholela emiphumeleni ephikisiwe. Ezintweni ezizwela ukukhanya, amabhodlela ansundu kufanele asetshenziswe ukuthatha isampula, futhi amasampula kufanele agcinwe ngokushesha futhi avikelwe ekukhanyeni ngemva kokuthatha isampula, futhi ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile kufanele kugwenywe ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa.

3. Akukho zigcina-mvelo noma izimo zokugcina ezingafanele, ukonakala kwesampula

• Uma amasampula e-ammonia nitrogen aqoqwe ngaphandle kwezithako zokugcina futhi afakwa efrijini amahora angama-24 ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa ukuze ayohlolwa. Ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, ama-microorganisms azoyigaya ngokushesha i-ammonia nitrogen emanzini noma ayiguqule ibe ezinye izinhlobo, okuholela ekushintsheni kokuhlushwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen futhi kwenze imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingasebenzi. Amasampula kufanele afakwe i-acid ngokufaka i-sulfuric acid noma i-hydrochloric acid ngokushesha ngemva kokuqoqwa ukuze kuvinjelwe umsebenzi we-microbial futhi athuthwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifrijini ku-4°C ukuqinisekisa ukuthi athunyelwa ukuze ayohlolwa ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esibekiwe.

Le mibono eyiphutha evamile isikhumbuza ukuthi ukukhetha amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA afanele kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwenqubo yonke kanye nemininingwane yokulawula, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha yokuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi iyiqiniso futhi ithembekile, ngokusebenza okusemthethweni nobuchwepheshe.

Isiphetho

Ekuqapheni ikhwalithi yamanzi, amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA, nakuba eyisitsha esincane nje, adlala indima ebalulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthatha amasampula nokuhlaziya. Ukukhetha amabhodlela okuhlaziya amanzi e-EPA kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwedatha, ukulandelelwa kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho.

Kuphela ngokusekelwe ekukhetheni okunengqondo kwamabhodlela okuthatha amasampula, kuhlanganiswe nezinqubo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile (njengokusebenzisa izilondolozi, ukugcina kude nokukhanya, ukuthuthwa okufrijiwe, njll.), kunganciphisa izinguquko ekuqoqweni, ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni kwamasampula, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela yokugcina yokuhlolwa iyiqiniso, ithembekile futhi isemthethweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunconywa ukuthi iyunithi ngayinye ihlele njalo ukuqeqeshwa kwamehlo kwabahloli ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda nokusebenzisa amazinga e-EPA kanye nemininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela esampula, ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ezifana nokumbiwa kabusha, ukuchithwa kwedatha noma ukwehluleka kokuhlolwa ngenxa yamaphutha okusebenza, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ngokuphelele ubungcweti kanye nekhwalithi yomsebenzi wokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi.