Ocwaningweni lwesayensi yesimanje kanye namalabhorethri okuhlaziya, ukusimama sekuyisihloko esibalulekile esingeke sazitshwa. Njengoba kunemithetho eqinile yezemvelo kanye nokugxila emhlabeni wonke ekuqhubekeni luhlaza, izimboni zifuna izindlela zokunciphisa ukumoswa kwezinsiza kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Izitsha ze-Scintillation, njengento esetshenziswa kabanzi kumalabhorethri, zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukugcina amasampula emisebe kanye nokuhlaziywa kokubala kwe-liquid scintillation.Lezi zitsha ze-scintillation ngokuvamile zenziwe ngengilazi noma ngepulasitiki futhi ezimweni eziningi zisetshenziswa kanye. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhuba udala inani elikhulu lemfucuza yaselabhorethri futhi unyusa nezindleko zokusebenza.

Ngakho-ke, sekubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlola izinketho zokusebenzisa kabusha izitsha ze-scintillation.

Izinkinga ngezitsha zokuvuthwa kwendabuko

Ngaphandle kwendima ebalulekile yocwaningo lwelabhorethri ye-scintillation, imodeli yabo yokusebenzisa kanye idala izinkinga eziningi zemvelo nezinsiza. Okulandelayo yizinselelo eziyinhloko ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezitsha zendabuko ze-scintillation:

1. Umthelela wemvelo wokusetshenziswa okukodwa

• Ukuqoqwa kodoti: Amalabhorethri asebenzisa inani elikhulu lamabhodlela e-scintillation nsuku zonke ezindaweni ezihlanganisa amasampula emisebe, ukuhlaziya amakhemikhali noma ucwaningo lwebhayoloji, futhi lezi zitsha zivame ukulahlwa ngokuqondile ngemva kokusetshenziswa, okuholela ekuqongeleleni okusheshayo kwemfucuza yaselabhorethri.
• Inkinga yokungcola: Njengoba izitsha ze-scintillation zingaqukatha izinto ezikhipha imisebe, izinto ezisebenza ngamakhemikhali noma amasampula ebhayoloji, amazwe amaningi adinga ukuthi lezi zitsha ezilahliwe zilahlwe ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezikhethekile zemfucuza eyingozi.

2. Ukusetshenziswa kwensiza yengilazi nezinto zepulasitiki

• Izindleko zokukhiqiza izitsha ze-glass scintillation: ingilazi iyinto yokukhiqiza amandla aphezulu, inqubo yayo yokukhiqiza ihilela ukuncibilika kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu futhi idla amandla amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisindo esikhulu sengilazi sikhulisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
• Izindleko zemvelo zepulasitiki scintillation vials: Amalabhorethri amaningi asebenzisa izitsha ze-scintillation ezenziwe ngepulasitiki, ezincike ezinsizeni ze-petroleum ukuze zikhiqize, kanye namapulasitiki anomjikelezo wokubola omude kakhulu, okuwumthwalo nakakhulu emvelweni.

3. Izinselelo zokulahlwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha

• Ubunzima bokuhlunga nokugaywa kabusha: Izitsha ze-scintillation ezisetshenzisiwe zivame ukuqukatha i-radioactivity eyinsalela noma amakhemikhali azenza kube nzima ukuphinda zisetshenziswe ngohlelo oluxubile lokugaywa kabusha.
• Izindleko Eziphezulu Zokulahla: Ngenxa yezidingo zokuphepha nokuhambisana, amalabhorethri amaningi kufanele eze enkampanini ekhethekile yokulahla imfucuza eyingozi ukuze alahle lezi zitsha ezilahliwe, ezingagcini nje ngokukhuphula izindleko zokusebenza kodwa futhi ezibeka umthwalo owengeziwe endaweni ezungezile.

Imodeli yokusetshenziswa okukodwa yamabhodlela endabuko e-scintillation ibeka ingcindezi endaweni ezungezile nezinsiza ngezindlela eziningi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola ezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa kabusha kubalulekile ekwehliseni udoti waselabhorethri, ukwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusimama.

Ukufuna Izitsha Ze-Scantillation Ezisebenziseka Kabusha

Emzamweni wokunciphisa udoti waselabhorethri, ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza, umphakathi wesayensi uhlola ngenkuthalo izinketho zamabhodlela okushisa angasetshenziswa kabusha. Lokhu kuhlola kugxile ekusungulweni kwezinto ezintsha, amasu okuhlanza kanye nokubulala inzalo, kanye nokwenza kahle kwenqubo yaselabhorethri.

1. Ukuqamba izinto ezintsha

Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sici esihlala isikhathi eside kuyisihluthulelo sokusebenziseka kabusha kwezitsha ze-scintillation.

• Ingilazi ehlala isikhathi eside noma ipulasitiki enamandla kakhulu: Izitsha ze-glass scintillation zendabuko zintekenteke, futhi izitsha zepulasitiki ze-scintillation zingase ziwohloke ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa komthelela omningi kanye nezinto eziphikisana namakhemikhali, njengengilazi ye-borosilicate noma amapulasitiki akhiwe, kungathuthukisa impilo yesevisi yamabhodlela engilazi.
• Izinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokuwashwa okuningi nokuvala inzalo: Izinto zokwakha zidinga ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ama-asidi aqinile nama-alkali, nokuguga ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zihlala zizinzile ngokomzimba namakhemikhali ngemva kwemijikelezo eminingi yokusetshenziswa. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingamelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokucindezela inzalo noma ukuhlanzwa okuqinile kwe-oxidative kungathuthukisa ukusebenziseka kwayo kabusha.

2. Ukuhlanza kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuvala inzalo

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwezitsha zokuhlanza ezisebenziseka kabusha kanye nokwethembeka kwedatha yokuhlola, izindlela zokuhlanza eziphumelelayo kanye nokubulala inzalo kufanele kusetshenziswe.

• Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuhlanza ezizenzakalelayo: Amalabhorethri angethula ama-vials akhethekile amasistimu okuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo ngokuhambisana nokuhlanza kwe-ultrasonic, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokuhlanza ngamanzi noma ukuhlanza i-reagent yamakhemikhali ukuze kukhishwe izinsalela zesampula.
• Ukuhlanza amakhemikhali: isibonelo ukusebenzisa izixazululo ze-acid-base, ama-oxidizing agents noma izixazululo ze-enzyme, kulungele ukuncibilikisa izinto eziphilayo noma ukususa ukungcola okunenkani, kodwa kungase kube nengozi yezinsalela zamakhemikhali.
• Ukuhlanza ngokomzimba: isibonelo i-ultrasonic, i-autoclave inzalo, enciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagents amakhemikhali futhi inobungani bemvelo, ifanele indawo yaselabhorethri enezidingo eziphezulu zokungcola.
• Ucwaningo ngobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza obungenazinsalela: kumasampuli akhipha imisebe noma ukuhlola okunembayo okuphezulu, ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe bokususa ukungcola (isb., ukuhlanzwa kwe-plasma, ukuwohloka kwe-photocatalytic) kungathuthukisa ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezitsha.

3. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yaselabhorethri

Izitsha ezisebenziseka kabusha zizodwa azanele ukufeza izinhloso zokusimama, futhi amalabhorethri adinga ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zawo zokusebenzisa ukuze aqinisekise ukuba nokwenzeka kokuphinda asetshenziswe.

• Yamukela inqubo yokugaywa kabusha esezingeni futhi usebenzise kabusha: Yakha inqubo yezinga laselabhorethri yokuphatha ukugaywa kabusha, ukuhlunga, ukuhlanzwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezitsha ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komsebenzi osindayo kuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuhlola.
• Qinisekisa ubuqotho bedatha kanye nokuvimbela nokulawula ukungcoliswa okuhlukahlukene: amalabhorethri adinga ukusungula uhlelo lokulawula ikhwalithi ukuze agweme umthelela wokungcoliswa kwezitsha kudatha yokuhlola, njengokusetshenziswa kwamabhakhodi noma i-RFID yokulawula ukulandelela.
• Ukuhlaziya ukuthi kungenzeka yini umnotho: Hlola ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala (isb., ukuthengwa kwemishini, izindleko zokuhlanza) kanye nezinzuzo zesikhathi eside (isb., izindleko ezincishisiwe zokuthenga, izindleko ezincishisiwe zokulahla udoti) zohlelo lwamabhodlela asebenziseka kabusha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi luyasebenza ngokwezomnotho.

Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha, ukwenziwa kahle kwamasu okuhlanza nokuvala inzalo, kanye nokuphathwa kwaselabhorethri okujwayelekile, izixazululo ze-scintillation vials ezisebenzisekayo ziyasebenza ekwehliseni udoti waselabhorethri, ukwehlisa umthelela wendawo, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusimama kwelabhorethri. Lokhu kuhlola kuzohlinzeka ngokusekela okubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamalabhorethri aluhlaza esikhathini esizayo.

Imikhuba Ephumelelayo

1. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinzuzo zemvelo nezomnotho

• Izinzuzo zemvelo: Ukusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe kwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye nengilazi, kwehlisa izinga lekhabhoni elebhu. Izindleko eziphansi zokulahla imfucuza kanye nokunciphisa ukuthembela ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu nasezindaweni zokushiswa. Ukuncishiswa kokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza eyingozi (isb., ukungcola okukhipha imisebe noma amakhemikhali) kanye nokwanda kokuthotshelwa kwemvelo kumalabhorethri.
• Izinzuzo zomnotho: Naphezu kokutshalwa kwezimali kwangaphambili kwezinto zokuhlanza kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ezithuthukisiwe, izindleko zokuthenga ezithengekayo zaselabhorethri zingancishiswa ngo-40-60% esikhathini eside. Ukwehliswa kwezindleko zokulahla imfucuza, ikakhulukazi ukuphatha okukhethekile kukadoti oyingozi. Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle futhi unciphise isikhathi sokuhlola ngokuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwelabhorethri.
• I-ISO14001 (Uhlelo Lokulawulwa Kwemvelo): Amalabhorethri amaningi aphokophele ekuthobeleni izinga le-ISO14001, elikhuthaza ukuncishiswa kodoti waselabhorethri kanye nokwenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Uhlelo lwe-vials olusebenziseka kabusha luhlangabezana nezidingo zalesi sici sohlelo lokuphatha.
• I-GMP (Umkhuba Omuhle Wokukhiqiza) kanye ne-GLP (Umkhuba Omuhle Waselabhorethri): Embonini yezemithi kanye nasezilabhorathri zocwaningo, ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwanoma yikuphi okudliwayo kufanele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuhlanza nokuqinisekisa. Izitsha ezisebenzisekayo kabusha zihlangabezana nalezi zidingo zokuphatha ikhwalithi ngezinqubo zesayensi zokuhlanza nokuvala inzalo, kanye namasistimu okulandelela idatha.
• Imithetho Kazwelonke Yokulawulwa Kwemfucuza Eyingozi: Amazwe amaningi ethule imithetho eqinile yokulahlwa kwemfucuza yaselabhorethri, efana ne-RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) e-US kanye ne-Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) e-EU, ekhuthaza ukuncishiswa kukadoti oyingozi, kanye nohlelo lwe-vials olusebenziseka kabusha luhambisana nalo mkhuba.

Uhlelo lwe-scintillation vials olusebenziseka kabusha lube nomthelela omuhle ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, ekulawuleni izindleko zomnotho, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwelabhorethri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusekelwa kwamazinga nemithetho yemboni efanele kunikeza isiqondiso nesivikelo sokuthuthukiswa kokuhlolwa okusimeme. Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe kanye namalabhorethri amaningi ajoyinayo, lo mkhuba kulindeleke ukuthi ube ojwayelekile omusha embonini yaselabhorethri.

Amathemba Nezinselele Zesikhathi esizayo

Uhlelo lwe-scintillation vials olusebenziseka kabusha kulindeleke ukuthi lusetshenziswe kabanzi njengomqondo wokuthuthuka kokusimama kwelabhorethri. Kodwa-ke, kusenezinselelo zobuchwepheshe, amasiko kanye nokulawula ekusetshenzisweni. Izikhombisi-ndlela zesikhathi esizayo zizogxila ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezintsha, intuthuko ekuhlanzeni kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuzenzakalela, kanye nentuthuko ekuphathweni kwelabhorethri namazinga emboni.

1. Izikhombisi-ndlela zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuba nokwenzeka kwezitsha ezisebenziseka kabusha, ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kuzogxila kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto: Thuthukisa ingilazi ehlala isikhathi eside noma amapulasitiki obunjiniyela, afana nengilazi ye-touch-silicate enamandla amakhulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ne-PFA engazweli amakhemikhali (i-fluoroplastic), njll., ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yesevisi ephindaphindwayo yezitsha.
• Ubuchwepheshe Bokuhlanza Nokwenza Nzalo Okuphumelelayo: Esikhathini esizayo, izinto zokuhlanganisa i-nano-coating zingasetshenziswa ukwenza udonga lwangaphakathi lwezitsha lube ne-hydrophobic noma i-oleophobic ukuze kuncishiswe izinsalela zokungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe obunoveli obufana nokuhlanza i-plasma, ukuwohloka kwe-photocatalytic, nokuhlanza uketshezi olunamandla kakhulu kungase kusetshenziswe enqubweni yokuhlanza ilabhorethri.
• Ukuhlanza okuzenzakalelayo kanye nezinhlelo zokulandela umkhondo: Amalabhorethri esikhathi esizayo angase asebenzise amasistimu okuphatha ahlakaniphile, njengamasistimu okuhlanza amarobhothi, izintambo zokuvala inzalo ezizenzakalelayo, futhi afake i-RFID noma ukulandelela ikhodi ye-QR ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwebhodlela ngalinye, ukuhlanzwa, nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kungagadwa ngesikhathi sangempela.

2. Isiko laselabhorethri kanye nezindaba zokwamukela

Ngenkathi intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe yenze izixazululo ze-scintillation vials ezisebenzisekayo zaba nokwenzeka, izinguquko zesiko laselabhorethri kanye nemikhuba yokusetshenziswa zihlala ziyinselele:

• Ukujwayela abasebenzi baselabhorethri: Izisebenzi zaselabhorethri zingakhetha ukusebenzisa izinto ezisebenzisekayo futhi zikhathazekile ngokuthi ukusebenzisa kabusha izitsha zengilazi kungase kuthinte imiphumela yokuhlolwa noma kwandise umsebenzi. Ukuqeqeshwa okuzayo kanye nokumiswa kwezinqubo kuzodingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwamukelwa.
• Ukuthembeka kwedatha kanye nokukhathazeka ngokungcoliswa: Izisebenzi zaselabhorethri zingase zikhathazeke ngokuthi izitsha ze-scintillation eziphinde zasetshenziswa zingase ziholele ekungcolisweni kwesampula noma zithinte ukunemba kwedatha. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanzwa okuqinile, ukuvala inzalo, kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhwalithi iyaqhathaniswa naleyo yezitsha ezilahlwayo zokuhlanzwa.
• Izindleko kanye Nembuyiselo Kukucatshangelwa Kokutshalwa Kwezimali: Amalabhorethri amaningi angase akhathazeke ngezindleko eziphakeme zokutshalwa kwezimali kwangaphambili, ngakho-ke adinga ukunikeza umbiko wokuba nokwenzeka kwezomnotho obonisa izinzuzo zokonga izindleko zesikhathi eside ukuze kwandiswe ukwamukelwa ngabaphathi belabhorethri.

3. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamazinga okulawula nokuphepha

Njengamanje, ukuphathwa okujwayelekile kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zaselabhorethri ezisebenziseka kabusha kusesesigabeni sokuqala, futhi imithethonqubo yesikhathi esizayo kanye namazinga emboni azothuthukiswa ngendlela eqinile futhi ethuthukisiwe:
Ukusungulwa kwamazinga ekhwalithi yezitsha eziphinde zisetshenziswe kabusha: Izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe noma zezimboni zidinga ukuthuthukiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokuphinda zisetshenziswe.

• Ukuthobela ilabhorethri nezidingo zokulawula: Ezimbonini ezinezidingo eziphakeme zokuphepha, ezifana nemithi, ukuhlola ukudla, nokuhlolwa kwe-radiological, ama-ejensi alawulayo angase adinge ukucacisa ububanzi bokufaka isicelo, izidingo zokuhlanza, kanye nezimfuneko zokuthobelana zamabhodlela asebenziseka kabusha.
• Khuthaza isitifiketi selebhu eluhlaza: Ngokuzayo, ohulumeni noma izinhlangano zezimboni zingase zisebenzise izinhlelo zesitifiketi selebhu eluhlaza ukuze zikhuthaze ukwamukelwa kwezixazululo zelebhu ezisimeme endaweni ezungezile, okuhlanganisa ukunciphisa amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, ukwenza kahle ukuphathwa kwemfucuza, kanye nokwandisa ingxenye yezinto ezisetshenziswayo kabusha.

Isiphetho

Entuthukweni lapho ukusimama kwelabhorethri kuwukukhathazeka okukhulayo, izixazululo ze-vial scintillation ezisebenzisekayo zibonakale zingenzeka ngobuchwepheshe futhi zinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokusebenza kwemvelo, umnotho kanye nelabhorethri.

Ukusimama kwelabhorethri akuyona nje indaba yokunciphisa udoti, kodwa futhi ukucatshangelwa kwesibopho kanye nezinzuzo zesikhathi eside.

Ngokuzayo, amabhodlela e-scintillation asebenziseka kabusha kulindeleke ukuthi abe yintandokazi embonini yaselabhorethri njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka futhi namazinga emboni ayathuthukiswa. Ngokwamukela amasu okuphatha amalebhu avumelana nemvelo futhi asebenza ngempumelelo, amalabhorethri ngeke nje akwazi ukunciphisa umthelela wawo kwezemvelo, kodwa futhi athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza futhi aqhubekisele phambili ucwaningo nezimboni ngendlela esimeme kakhudlwana.