▶ Isingeniso

Njengesidingo esivamile sansuku zonke, amabhodlela okufutha asebelokhu ehlanganiswe ngokujulile ezimpilweni zethu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusenkambisweni yokuhlanza yansuku zonke, noma endaweni yokulungisa izimonyo nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, noma ngisho nasemabhodleleni amakha asezingeni eliphezulu, amabhodlela okufutha angatholakala yonke indawo. Ukubukeka kwawo akugcini nje ngokusinika ukulula, kodwa futhi kunikeza imikhiqizo yansuku zonke ulwazi olucwengekile nolusebenzayo lokusetshenziswa. Ngezidingo ezishintshayo zomphakathi kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, amabhodlela okufutha athuthukisiwe maqondana nomklamo nokusebenza, futhi abe yisinqumo esiyinhloko sokupakisha imikhiqizo eminingi.

Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka umlando kanye nentuthuko yebhodlela lokufafaza ngengilazi ukuze sinike abafundi ukuqonda okujulile kwalokhu kusungulwa okulula kodwa okunemibono emisha kakhulu.

▶ Imvelaphi kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwasekuqaleni Kwamabhodlela Okufutha

1. Ukusungulwa Kwasekuqaleni Kobuchwepheshe Bokufafaza

Ubuchwepheshe bokufafaza bungalandelelwa emuva kuze kube sekhulwini le-19, lapho babusetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezokwelapha njengesibulala-magciwane kanye nomuthi okufanele ufafazwe ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa ukusiza odokotela benze izinqubo. Ngokufafaza, i-ejenti ingasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo endaweni okufanele ilashwe, okuwukusungula okusha okuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa futhi kwafaka isandla ekwazisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamadivayisi okufafaza.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ingilazi yavelela njengento yokuqala yokwenza amabhodlela okufafaza. Izinto zengilazi zinokungangeni kahle kwamakhemikhali futhi azihlangani kalula ngamakhemikhali nokuqukethwe, okuqinisekisa ubumsulwa nokuphepha koketshezi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukucaca kwengilazi kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona kahle isimo soketshezi ebhodleleni, okwasiza ekuqapheni umthamo, okwenza kwaba yinto efanelekile yamadivayisi okufafaza ngaleso sikhathi.

2. Uhlobo lwebhodlela lokufutha ngengilazi

Amabhodlela okufutha engilazi okuqala afeze umsebenzi wawo wokufutha ikakhulukazi ngobuchwepheshe bokulethwa komoya ngepompo yesandla. Lawa mabhodlela okufutha ekuqaleni ayesetshenziselwa imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi embonini yamakha. Njengoba ukusebenza ngesandla kwavumela ukulawula okunembile kwe-spray, lawa mabhodlela aba yisithasiselo esifanele semikhiqizo yokunethezeka njengamakha.

Ngo-1907, uVernon Louis Arnold wasungula uhlelo lwebhodlela lokufutha amakha olusebenzisa isandla, olwaklanywa ukukhiqiza ukufutha amakha ngendlela encane ngokusebenzisa ipompo yesandla, okungagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ulwazi lokusebenzisa ibhodlela, kodwa futhi kwaqinisa umuzwa wezinga eliphezulu kanye nomuzwa wokusetshenziswa lapho kuphuzwa amakha. Ukusungulwa kuka-Arnold kwaba yisisekelo kanye nesibonelo esidala sokuklama ibhodlela lokufutha esizukulwaneni esilandelayo, futhi kwaphawula isigaba sokuqala samabhodlela okufutha amakha engilazi. Ukusungulwa kuka-Arnold kwaba yisisekelo kanye nesibonelo esidala sokuklama ibhodlela lokufutha kamuva, kwaphawula isigaba sokuqala sebhodlela lokufutha ingilazi.

▶ Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamabhodlela Okufutha Ngekhulu Lama-20

1. Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bebhodlela lokufutha

Ekhulwini lama-20, ubuchwepheshe bamabhodlela okufutha buthuthuke ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngawo-1940, ngokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe be-aerosol, izindawo zokusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela okufutha zanda ngokushesha. Ubuchwepheshe be-aerosol buvumela uketshezi ukuthi luxutshwe ne-propellant esitsheni esicindezelwe, futhi ngokucindezela inkinobho, uketshezi lungaguqulwa lube yinkungu encane, efanayo yokufutha. Lobu buchwepheshe baqala ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezifana nezinsipho kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane, base bengena kabanzi embonini yezimonyo. Ngenxa yokuzinza kwamakhemikhali okuhle kakhulu kwezinto zengilazi, izifutho eziningi ze-aerosol zakuqala zaklanywa ngenhlanganisela yama-nozzle engilazi nensimbi, okwaqinisekisa ukuphepha kokuqukethwe futhi kwathuthukisa ukuthungwa kwephakheji.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isidingo samabhodlela okufutha embonini yamakha siyakhula. Amabhodlela okufutha ngengilazi asheshe abe ukukhetha okujwayelekile kokupakisha amakha ngenxa yezici zawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezithambile. Imikhiqizo yamakha inikeza ulwazi oluhle kakhulu nolulula lokusebenzisa ngamabhodlela okufutha, ifutha iphunga elimnandi elinobuthi ukuze ilethe injabulo eyingqayizivele kubathengi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwakheka okusobala noma okunombala kwebhodlela lengilazi kuvumela abathengi ukuthi bazizwele ngokunembile ukuthungwa okuhle komkhiqizo.

2. Amabhodlela Okufutha Ngengilazi Ahlanganisa Ubuciko Nokusebenza

Ngokuthuthuka komklamo wezandlangekhulu lama-20, amabhodlela okufutha ngengilazi aqhubekile nokuthuthuka hhayi nje ekusebenzeni kwawo,. Ubuciko bawo buye bathuthukiswa kakhulu. Abaklami baqale ukuhlola ibhodlela lokufutha njengendlela yokuveza ubuciko, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni weziqholo nezimonyo, bebuka ubuciko bengilazi hhayi nje njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokuveza, kodwa futhi njengomsebenzi wobuciko.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwesitayela sobuciko besimanje kanye nobuciko bengilazi kwenza ibhodlela lokufafaza libe yinto efanekisela ukunambitheka komuntu siqu kanye nesimo sakhe. Isibonelo, amabhodlela amaningi ephunga aklanyelwe ukufaka izimo, imibala, kanye nemihlobiso eyingqayizivele abaklami abafuna ukuyiveza, okwenza la mabhodlela angagcini nje ngokusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi nokubeka izitayela ngendlela ekhangayo. Ukuguquguquka, ukucaca kanye nokuthungwa kwengilazi okuhle, okusezingeni eliphezulu kunikeza abaklami isikhala esingenamkhawulo sokudala futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukukhanga kwemakethe kwemikhiqizo yabo.

Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kobuciko nokusebenza kwenza ibhodlela leglasi lokufafaza libe ngaphezu nje kwesitsha sokupakisha; kancane kancane liba yingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lomkhiqizo kanye nendlela yokuphila yabathengi.

▶ Ubuchwepheshe Obusha Emabhodleleni Esimanje Engilazi Okufuthwayo

1. Isidingo Sokuvikelwa Kwemvelo Nentuthuko Eqhubekayo

Njengoba ukukhathazeka okukhulayo emhlabeni jikelele ngokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, umqondo wokuvikelwa kwemvelo uye waba yinto evamile kancane kancane ezimbonini ezahlukene, futhi amabhodlela okufutha ngeglasi aphinde athola ukunakwa kabanzi njengesixazululo sokupakisha esingaphinde sisetshenziswe. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela epulasitiki kusakazeke kabanzi, ukungaboli kwawo kubeka umthwalo omkhulu emvelweni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ingilazi ayigcini nje ngokuba yingozi ngamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi ingaphinde isetshenziswe kaningi, okunciphisa umonakalo emvelweni. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkampani eziningi ngokwengeziwe zikhetha ukusebenzisa amabhodlela okufutha ngeglasi njengendlela engcono kakhulu emvelweni yemikhiqizo yazo, ngenxa yesidingo somhlaba wonke sentuthuko esimeme.

Ukukhuthazwa kwamabhodlela okufafaza ngengilazi agcwaliswayo kuye kwaba negalelo elikhulu kulokhu. Ngokuwaklama ukuze kube lula ukuwahlukanisa nokubuyekezwa okucacile, abathengi bangasebenzisa ibhodlela elifanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe, kunciphisa imfucuza yezitsha ezilahlwayo. Lo mklamo ogcwaliswayo uthandwa kakhulu ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba, amakha kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza, futhi awugcini nje ngokuba nobungane nemvelo, kodwa futhi unikeza abathengi inketho engabizi kakhulu.

2. Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe Bokufafaza

Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokufafaza nabo benze intuthuko enkulu, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokufafaza ngokunembile. Amabhodlela esimanje okufafaza ngengilazi ahlinzeka ngokufafaza okulinganayo nokucolekile kunamabhodlela okufafaza angaphambilini. Umphumela wokufafaza ngokunembile awuvumeli nje kuphela ibhodlela lokufafaza ukuthi lilawule inani loketshezi olufafazwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi olufafazwayo lwakha inkungu ehambisanayo, encane, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ulwazi lomkhiqizo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kusabalala kusukela emikhiqizweni yobuhle yansuku zonke kuya emkhakheni wezokwelapha obucayi kakhulu. Isibonelo, eminye imithi idinga inani eliqondile lesifutho ukuze ingene emgudwini wokuphefumula, kanti ubuchwepheshe besimanje bebhodlela lengilazi lokufutha buyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nale mfuneko yokulawula umthamo eqinile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba kanye nokunakekelwa kwansuku zonke nayo isebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ukuze inikeze ukusetshenziswa okunembe kakhudlwana, okwenza umkhiqizo ubonakale kakhudlwana.

Ngamafuphi, amabhodlela esimanje okufutha ingilazi awagcini nje ngokwenza umnikelo obalulekile ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, kodwa futhi nangokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze kuthathelwe indawo lokho ngaphezu kokusebenzisa ulwazi, okuye kwaba ukukhetha okungenakuqhathaniswa kokupakisha ezimbonini eziningana.

▶ Ukusetshenziswa Kwemakethe Yamabhodlela Okufutha Ngengilazi kanye Nezimpawu Zamasiko

1. Uphawu lweSiphetho Esiphezulu Semakethe

Amabhodlela okufutha ngengilazi anokubaluleka okuphawulekayo emakethe esezingeni eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi embonini yamakha nobuhle, lapho izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu, umklamo omuhle kanye nobuciko obuhlukile bamabhodlela okufutha ngengilazi kubeka khona indawo ehlukile yomkhiqizo.

Imakethe yamakha igxile kakhulu ekubunjweni komkhiqizo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo nokuthintayo. Lapho abathengi bethenga amakha, abagcini nje ngokukhokhela iphunga, kodwa futhi balindele ukuzwa inani lemikhiqizo ehlukene ngokupakishwa kwamakha omkhiqizo ngamunye. Umklamo omuhle kanye nobuciko bamabhodlela okufutha ngengilazi akwenzi nje kuphela amakha abukeke emuhle kakhulu, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa injabulo yokusebenzisa inqubo, okwenza la mabhodlela engilazi ngokwawo abe nenani elithile lomqoqi.

2. Ukusebenzisana phakathi komkhiqizo nabathengi

Akugcini nje ngokuba yisitsha semikhiqizo, kodwa futhi njengophawu lomfanekiso womkhiqizo kanye nokunambitheka kwabathengi, amabhodlela okufutha ngengilazi avumela izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukuthi zakhe ukuxhumana okujulile ngokomzwelo nabathengi ngokusebenzisa imiklamo yamabhodlela okufutha eyenziwe ngokwezifiso futhi elinganiselwe. Ukufaka izakhi zomklamo eziyingqayizivele noma ukubamba iqhaza kwabaculi abadumile ekwakhiweni yisona sizathu esenza le mikhiqizo ibe nokuntuleka kanye nendlala yokuhluka okungenakuphindwa emakethe, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa inzuzo yokuncintisana yomkhiqizo.

Ngamabhodlela amahle kakhulu okufafaza ngengilazi, imikhiqizo ayibonisi nje kuphela izinga layo lokuklama kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko, kodwa futhi ingabonisa ukunambitheka komuntu siqu kwabathengi. Umklamo owenziwe ngokwezifiso ungahlangabezana nezidingo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zamaqembu ahlukene futhi uthuthukise umuzwa wobunikazi babathengi. Nikeza abasebenzisi umdwebo owenziwe ngokwezifiso noma umklamo wamabhodlela owenziwe ngokwezifiso, ukuze umkhiqizo ngamunye ube umsebenzi wobuciko oyingqayizivele kumsebenzisi. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuvumela abathengi ukuthi bazizwe benozwelo olukhulu ngokomzwelo kanye nokwethembeka komkhiqizo ngesikhathi senqubo yokusebenzisa.

Ngamafuphi, amabhodlela okufafaza ngengilazi awabonisi nje kuphela ukusebenza kwawo okuphezulu kanye nobuciko ekusetshenzisweni kwemakethe, kodwa futhi asebenza njengesandiso sesiko lomkhiqizo, eveza uphawu lwekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokunambitheka kwabathengi emakethe yokunethezeka.

▶ Izitayela Zesikhathi Esizayo kanye Nombono

1. Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha

Njengoba ulwazi olukhulayo ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo lukhula, ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhodlela okufafaza ingilazi esikhathini esizayo kuzonaka kakhulu ukusimama kwezinto kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Nakuba ingilazi ngokwayo iyinto enobungani nemvelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezintsha kuzothuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo. Hlola ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha ezibolayo ngokuhlanganiswa nengilazi, noma uthuthukise izinto ezihambisana nengilazi ezilula, ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi eziphinde zisetshenziswe ezinamathela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsiza kanye nezinyathelo zekhabhoni ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabathengi be-microchat zemikhiqizo eqhubekayo.

Ngamafuphi, ikusasa lamabhodlela okufafaza ngengilazi lizoba nobungane kakhulu nemvelo, lisebenze kahle futhi lenziwe ngokwezifiso. Akuyona nje kuphela indlela entsha yokupakisha imikhiqizo, kodwa futhi iyithuluzi lendlela yokuphila uChengwei Wang angayenza ngezifiso kanye noDonghai Hu ukuhola umkhuba omusha wemakethe yesikhathi esizayo.

▶ Isiphetho

Ukuvela kwebhodlela lokufafaza ngengilazi kubonisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuklama. Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwalo okulula kwasekuqaleni emkhakheni wezokwelapha kuya ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zalo ezindaweni ezifana namakha, izimonyo kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza, ibhodlela lokufafaza ngengilazi seliyinketho yokupakisha ebalulekile empilweni yansuku zonke.

Uma sibheka ikusasa, ukukhathazeka komhlaba wonke ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokwanda kwezitayela ezihlakaniphile, amabhodlela okufutha ngengilazi azoqhubeka nokuba nesikhundla esibalulekile emkhakheni wokupakisha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokusebenza, ubuhle bokuklama, noma umthwalo wemfanelo wemvelo, amabhodlela okufutha ngengilazi azoqhubeka nokukhula futhi aqhubeke nokuhola isidingo semakethe yesikhathi esizayo kanye nezitayela zabathengi.