Lesi sihloko sizogxila kuma-vial e-scintillation, sihlole izinto zokwakha kanye nomklamo, ukusetshenziswa kanye nezicelo, umthelela wemvelo kanye nokusimama, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuphepha, kanye nemithethonqubo yamabhodlela e-scintillation. Ngokuhlola lezi zihloko, sizoqonda ngokujulile ukubaluleka kocwaningo lwesayensi kanye nomsebenzi welebhu, futhi sihlole iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo kanye nezinselele zentuthuko.

ⅠUkukhethwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile

• I-PolyethyleneVS. Ingilazi: Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi Ukuqhathanisa

 ▶I-Polyethylene

Inzuzo 

1. Ilula futhi ayiphuki kalula, ifanele ukuthuthwa nokuphathwa.

2. Izindleko eziphansi, kulula ukuzikhulisa.

3. Ukungangeni kahle kwamakhemikhali, ngeke kusebenze ngamakhemikhali amaningi.

4. Ingasetshenziswa kumasampula ane-radioactivity ephansi.

Ububi

1. Izinto ze-polyethylene zingase zibangele ukuphazamiseka kwangemuva kwezinye i-isotopes ezinemisebe

2.Ukungacaci okuphezulu kwenza kube nzima ukuqapha isampula ngokubona.

▶ Ingilazi

         Inzuzo

1. Ukucaca okuhle kakhulu ukuze kube lula ukubona amasampula

2. Ihambisana kahle nama-isotopes amaningi anemisebe

3. Isebenza kahle kumasampula ane-radioactivity ephezulu futhi ayiphazamisi imiphumela yokulinganisa.

Ububi

1. Ingilazi iyaphuka futhi idinga ukuphathwa nokugcinwa ngokucophelela.

2. Izindleko zezinto zengilazi ziphakeme kakhulu futhi azifanele amabhizinisi amancane ukuba athuthukeyenza i-duce ngezinga elikhulu.

3. Izinto zengilazi zingancibilika noma zigqwale kumakhemikhali athile, okuholela ekungcoleni.

• OkungenzekaAizimpendulo zeOokunyeMi-aterials

▶ IpulasitikiCama-omposites

Uma ihlanganisa izinzuzo zama-polymers nezinye izinto zokuqinisa (njenge-fiberglass), inokuthwaleka kalula kanye nezinga elithile lokuqina kanye nokucaca.

▶ Izinto Ezibolayo

Kwamanye amasampula noma izimo ezilahlwayo, izinto ezibolayo zingabhekwa njengokunciphisa umthelela omubi emvelweni.

▶ I-PolymericMi-aterials

Khetha izinto ezifanele ze-polymer ezifana ne-polypropylene, i-polyester, njll. ngokwezidingo ezithile zokusetshenziswa ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo ezahlukene zokungangeni kwamakhemikhali kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.

Kubalulekile ukuklama nokukhiqiza amabhodlela e-scintillation asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi athembekile ngokuphepha ngokucabangela ngokuphelele izinzuzo nezinkinga zezinto ezahlukene kanye nezidingo zezimo ezahlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa, ukuze kukhethwe izinto ezifanele zokupakisha amasampula emalabhorethri noma kwezinye izimo.

Ⅱ. Izici zomklamo

• UkuvalaPukusebenza kahle

(1)Amandla okusebenza kokuvala abalulekile ekunembeni kwemiphumela yokuhlolaIbhodlela lokuncibilikisa kumele likwazi ukuvimbela ngempumelelo ukuvuza kwezinto ezinemisebe noma ukungena kokungcola kwangaphandle kusampula ukuqinisekisa imiphumela yokulinganisa enembile.

(2)Ithonya lokukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ekusebenzeni kokuvala.Amabhodlela e-scintillation enziwe ngezinto ze-polyethylene avame ukuba nokusebenza kahle kokuvala, kodwa kungase kube nokuphazamiseka kwangemuva kwamasampula anemisebe eminingi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amabhodlela e-scintillation enziwe ngezinto zengilazi anganikeza ukusebenza okungcono kokuvala kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwamakhemikhali, okwenza afaneleke kumasampula anemisebe eminingi.

(3)Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokubopha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubopha. Ngaphezu kokukhethwa kwezinto, ubuchwepheshe bokuvala buyinto ebalulekile ethinta ukusebenza kokuvala. Izindlela ezivamile zokuvala zifaka phakathi ukufaka ama-gasket enjoloba ngaphakathi kwesivalo sebhodlela, ukusebenzisa ama-plastic sealing caps, njll. Indlela efanele yokuvala ingakhethwa ngokwezidingo zokuhlola.

• IIithonya leSi-size kanyeSimpilo kaSuketsheziBizinja ezivuliwePubandlululoAizicelo

(1)Ukukhethwa kosayizi kuhlobene nosayizi wesampula ebhodleleni le-scintillation.Usayizi noma umthamo webhodlela le-scintillation kufanele kunqunywe ngokusekelwe enanini lesampula elizolinganiswa ekuhlolweni. Kokuhlolwa okunosayizi abancane besampula, ukukhetha ibhodlela le-scintillation elincane kungasindisa izindleko ezingokoqobo nezesampula, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuhlola.

(2)Ithonya lesimo ekuxubeni nasekuqhekekeni.Umehluko ngesimo kanye nephansi lebhodlela le-scintillation ungathinta nemiphumela yokuxuba nokuncibilika phakathi kwamasampula ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlola. Isibonelo, ibhodlela elinephansi eliyindilinga lingafaneleka kakhulu ekuxubeni ukusabela ku-oscillator, kuyilapho ibhodlela elinephansi eliyisicaba lifaneleka kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni imvula ku-centrifuge.

(3)Izicelo ezikhethekile ezibunjiweAmanye amabhodlela okusika akhethekile anomumo ohlukile, njengemiklamo engezansi enemifantu noma imigqa ejikelezayo, angandisa indawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwesampula kanye noketshezi lokusika futhi athuthukise ukuzwela kokulinganisa.

Ngokuklama ukusebenza kokuvala, usayizi, ukuma, kanye nomthamo webhodlela lokucwebezela ngokufanele, izidingo zokuhlola zingahlangatshezwa ngezinga elikhulu, kuqinisekiswe ukunemba nokuthembeka kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa.

Ⅲ. Inhloso kanye Nokusetshenziswa

•  SososayensiRucwaningo

▶ I-RadioisotopeMukulingana

(1)Ucwaningo lwemithi yenuzi: Amaflaski e-scintillation asetshenziswa kabanzi ukukala ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-metabolism yama-isotope anemisebe ezintweni eziphilayo, njengokusatshalaliswa kanye nokumuncwa kwemithi ene-radiolabel. Izinqubo ze-metabolism kanye nokukhishwa kwayo. Lezi zilinganiso zibaluleke kakhulu ekuxilongweni kwezifo, ekutholakaleni kwezinqubo zokwelapha, kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwemithi emisha.

(2)Ucwaningo lwe-nuclear chemistry: Ekuhlolweni kwe-nuclear chemistry, ama-scintillation flasks asetshenziswa ukukala umsebenzi kanye nokuhlushwa kwama-radioactive isotopes, ukuze kufundwe izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezinto ezibonisa ukukhanya, i-nuclear reaction kinetics, kanye nezinqubo zokubola kwe-radioactive. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni izakhiwo kanye nezinguquko zezinto zenuzi.

▶Dukuhlolwa komata

(1)IsidakamizwaMi-metabolismRucwaningoAmaflaski e-scintillation asetshenziselwa ukuhlola i-metabolism kinetics kanye nokusebenzisana kwamaprotheni ezidakamizwa kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo. Lokhu kusiza

ukuhlola amakhemikhali angaba khona emithi, ukwenza ngcono ukwakheka kwemithi, nokuhlola izakhiwo ze-pharmacokinetic zemithi.

(2)IsidakamizwaAumsebenziEukulinganisaAmabhodlela okusika asetshenziselwa ukuhlola umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemithi, isibonelo, ngokulinganisa ukubopha phakathin izidakamizwa ezinelebula le-radio kanye nama-molecule aqondiwe ukuhlola umsebenzi wemithi wokulwa nomdlavuza noma wokulwa namagciwane.

▶ IsiceloCama-ases afana ne-DNASukulandelana

(1)Ubuchwepheshe Bokufaka Amalebula Ngemisebe: Ocwaningweni lwe-molecular biology kanye ne-genomics, amabhodlela e-scintillation asetshenziswa ukukala amasampula e-DNA noma e-RNA abhalwe ngama-isotopes anemisebe. Lobu buchwepheshe bokufaka amalebula anemisebe busetshenziswa kabanzi ekulandeleni i-DNA, ukuxutshwa kwe-RNA, ukusebenzisana kwamaprotheni-nucleic acid, kanye nokunye ukuhlola, okunikeza amathuluzi abalulekile ocwaningo lomsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuxilongwa kwezifo.

(2)Ubuchwepheshe Bokuhlanganisa I-Nucleic AcidAmabhodlela e-scintillation asetshenziswa futhi ukukala izimpawu ze-radioactive ekuphenduleni kwe-nucleic acid hybridization. Ubuchwepheshe obuningi obuhlobene busetshenziswa ukuthola ukulandelana okuthile kwe-DNA noma i-RNA, okuvumela ucwaningo oluhlobene ne-genomics kanye ne-transcriptomics.

Ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamabhodlela okuncibilikisa ocwaningweni lwesayensi, lo mkhiqizo unikeza abasebenzi belabhoratri indlela yokulinganisa imisebe enembile kodwa ebucayi, enikeza ukwesekwa okubalulekile kocwaningo olwengeziwe lwesayensi nolwezokwelapha.

• IzimboniAizicelo

▶ IPi-harmaceuticalIimboni

(1)IkhwalithiCukulawula kuDiragiPukwakhiwa: Ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwemithi, amabhodlela e-scintillation asetshenziselwa ukunquma izingxenye zemithi kanye nokuthola izinto ezinemisebe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yemithi ihlangabezana nezidingo zezindinganiso. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola umsebenzi, ukuhlushwa, kanye nobumsulwa be-isotopes ezinemisebe, ngisho nokuzinza okungagcinwa yimithi ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene.

(2)Intuthuko kanyeSukwakhiwa kweNew DomataAmabhodlela okusika asetshenziswa enkambisweni yokuthuthukiswa kwemithi ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwemithi, ukusebenza kahle kwayo, kanye nobuthi bemithi. Lokhu kusiza ekuhloleni imithi yokwenziwa engaba khona futhi kwenze ngcono isakhiwo sayo, kusheshiswe isivinini kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuthuthukiswa kwemithi emisha.

▶ EkwemveloMukuqondisa

(1)I-RadioactivePisixazululoMukuqondisa: Amabhodlela okukhanyisa asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqapheni imvelo, edlala indima ebalulekile ekulinganiseni ukuhlushwa kanye nomsebenzi wokungcola okunemisebe ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi, endaweni yamanzi nasemoyeni. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezinemisebe emvelweni, ukungcola kwenuzi eChengdu, ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi kanye nokuphepha kwempahla, kanye nempilo yezemvelo.

(2)InyukliyaWi-asteTukubuyiselwa komhlaba kanyeMukuqondisa: Embonini yamandla enuzi, amabhodlela okushisa asetshenziselwa ukuqapha nokulinganisa izinqubo zokwelashwa kwemfucuza yenuzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulinganisa umsebenzi wemfucuza enemisebe, ukuqapha ukukhishwa kwemfucuza enemisebe okuvela ezindaweni zokwelashwa kwemfucuza, njll., ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuhambisana nenqubo yokwelashwa kwemfucuza yenuzi.

▶ Izibonelo zeAizicelo kuOokunyeFamasimu

(1)I-GeologicalRucwaningo: Amaflaski e-scintillation asetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni we-geology ukukala okuqukethwe kwama-isotopes anemisebe emadwaleni, enhlabathini, kanye namaminerali, kanye nokufunda umlando woMhlaba ngezilinganiso ezinembile. Izinqubo ze-geological kanye nokwakheka kwama-deposit amaminerali

(2) In iFinsimu yeFi-oodIimboni, amabhodlela okushisisa avame ukusetshenziselwa ukukala okuqukethwe kwezinto ezinemisebe emasampeleni okudla akhiqizwa embonini yokudla, ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphepha kanye nezinkinga zekhwalithi yokudla.

(3)ImisebeTi-herapyAmabhodlela e-scintillation asetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha ngemisebe ukuze kulinganiswe umthamo wemisebe okhiqizwa yimishini yokwelapha ngemisebe, ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokuphepha ngesikhathi senqubo yokwelapha.

Ngokusebenzisa kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene njengokwelapha, ukuqapha imvelo, i-geology, ukudla, njll., amabhodlela okukhanyisa awagcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngezindlela zokulinganisa imisebe ezisebenzayo embonini, kodwa futhi nasemikhakheni yezenhlalo, yezemvelo, kanye namasiko, okuqinisekisa impilo yabantu kanye nokuphepha kwezenhlalo kanye nezemvelo.

Ⅳ. Umthelela Wezemvelo Nokuzinza

• UkukhiqizwaSi-tage

▶ IzintoSukhethoCukusekelaSukuqina

(1)IUse ofRkuyasebenzaMi-aterials: Ekukhiqizweni kwamabhodlela ancibilikayo, izinto ezivuselelekayo ezifana namapulasitiki abolayo noma ama-polymer aphinde asetshenziswe nazo zibhekwa njengokunciphisa ukuncika ezinsizeni ezilinganiselwe ezingavuseleleki futhi kunciphise umthelela wazo emvelweni.

(2)OkubalulekileSukukhethwa kukaLi-ow-carbonPukungcolisaMi-aterials: Kufanele kuqalwe izinto ezinezakhiwo eziphansi zekhabhoni zokukhiqiza nokukhiqiza, njengokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kokungcola ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo emvelweni.

(3) Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kweMi-aterials: Ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni kwamabhodlela okushisisa, ukuphinde kusetshenziswe kwezinto kubhekwa njengokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha, kuyilapho kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kanye nemfucuza yezinsiza.

▶ ImveloIumthelelaAukuhlolwa ngesikhathiPukwakhiwaPi-rocess

(1)ImpiloCi-ycleAukuhlolwa: Yenza ukuhlolwa komjikelezo wokuphila ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwamabhodlela okushisa ukuze kuhlolwe imiphumela yemvelo ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa amandla, ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi, njll., ukuze kuncishiswe izici zomthelela emvelweni ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza.

(2) Uhlelo Lokuphathwa Kwemvelo: Sebenzisa izinhlelo zokuphatha imvelo, njenge-ISO 14001 standard (izinga lohlelo lokuphatha imvelo eliqashelwa emhlabeni wonke elihlinzeka ngohlaka lwezinhlangano lokuklama nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuphatha imvelo nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo kwezemvelo ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokunamathela ngokuqinile kule nqubo, izinhlangano zingaqinisekisa ukuthi ziyaqhubeka nokuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo zokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo), ukusungula izinyathelo zokuphatha imvelo ezisebenzayo, ukuqapha nokulawula imiphumela yezemvelo ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza ihambisana nezidingo eziqinile zemithethonqubo nezindinganiso zezemvelo.

(3) ImithomboCukugcinwa kanyeEukungezwani komzimbaEukusebenza kahleIukuthuthukiswa: Ngokwenza ngcono izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nobuchwepheshe, ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye namandla, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinsizakusebenza kanye namandla, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umthelela omubi emvelweni kanye nokukhishwa okukhulu kwekhabhoni ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza.

Enqubweni yokukhiqiza amabhodlela okushisa, ngokucabangela izici zentuthuko esimeme, ukwamukela izinto zokukhiqiza ezinobungani nemvelo kanye nezinyathelo zokuphatha umkhiqizo ezifanele, umthelela omubi emvelweni ungancishiswa ngokufanele, kukhuthazwe ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsiza kanye nentuthuko esimeme yezemvelo.

• Sebenzisa Isigaba

▶ Wi-asteMukuphathwa

(1)OkufaneleDi-isposal: Abasebenzisi kufanele balahle imfucuza ngendlela efanele ngemva kokusebenzisa amabhodlela okuncibilikisa, balahle amabhodlela okuncibilikisa alahliwe ezitsheni zemfucuza ezikhethiwe noma ezitsheni zokusebenzisa kabusha, futhi bagweme noma baqede ngisho nokungcola okubangelwa ukulahla ngokungakhethi noma ukuxubana neminye imfucuza, okungaba nomthelela ongenakulungiseka emvelweni.

(2) UkuhlukaniswaRukuvuselela nge-elektronikiAmabhodlela e-scintillation avame ukwenziwa ngezinto ezingasetshenziswa kabusha, njengengilazi noma i-polyethylene. Amabhodlela e-scintillation alahliwe angahlukaniswa futhi aphinde asetshenziswe ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha izinsiza ngempumelelo.

(3) KuyingoziWi-asteTukubuyiselwa kwempahla: Uma izinto ezinemisebe noma ezinye izinto eziyingozi zigcinwe noma zigcinwe emabhodleleni akhipha i-scintillation, amabhodlela akhipha i-scintillation alahliwe kufanele aphathwe njengemfucuza eyingozi ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo neziqondiso ezifanele ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuhambisana nemithethonqubo efanele.

▶ Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe futhiRi-euse

(1)Ukuvuselela kabusha kanyeRukucubungula nge-e: Amabhodlela okuncibilikisa imfucuza angasetshenziswa kabusha ngokusebenzisa ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kanye nokucubungula kabusha. Amabhodlela okuncibilikisa asetshenziswe kabusha angacutshungulwa yizimboni ezikhethekile zokusebenzisa kabusha kanye nezikhungo, futhi izinto zingenziwa kabusha zibe amabhodlela amasha okuncibilikisa noma eminye imikhiqizo yepulasitiki.

(2)IzintoRi-euse: Amabhodlela okuvuselela kabusha ahlanzekile ngokuphelele futhi angcoliswe yizinto ezinemisebe angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza kabusha amabhodlela amasha okuvuselela kabusha, kanti amabhodlela okuvuselela kabusha ayekade equkethe ezinye izinto ezingcolisa imisebe kodwa ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka futhi angenangozi emzimbeni womuntu angasetshenziswa futhi njengezinto zokwenza ezinye izinto, njengezibambi zepeni, izitsha zeglasi zansuku zonke, njll., ukuze kufezwe ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinto kanye nokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwezinsiza.

(3) KhuthazaSokuhlala njaloCukumiswa: Khuthaza abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhethe izindlela zokusebenzisa ngendlela eqhubekayo, njengokukhetha amabhodlela okuvuselela angasetshenziswa kabusha, ukugwema ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yepulasitiki elahlwayo ngangokunokwenzeka, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki elahlwayo, ukukhuthaza umnotho ojikelezayo kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo.

Ukuphatha nokusebenzisa ngokufanele ukumoshwa kwamabhodlela okushisisa, ukukhuthaza ukuphindeka kwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kabusha, kunganciphisa umthelela omubi emvelweni futhi kukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinsiza ngempumelelo.

Ⅴ. Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

• Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinto Ezintsha

▶ BokubolayoMi-aterial

(1)OkusimemeMi-aterials: Ngenxa yemiphumela emibi yemvelo edalwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqizwa kwezinto zamabhodlela ezishiswayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezibolayo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza sekuyinto ebalulekile. Izinto ezibolayo zingabola kancane kancane zibe izinto ezingenabungozi kubantu kanye nemvelo ngemva kwesikhathi sazo sokusebenza, okunciphisa ukungcola emvelweni.

(2)IzinseleleFngesikhathiRucwaningo kanyeDintuthuko: Izinto ezibolayo zingase zibhekane nezinselele maqondana nezakhiwo zemishini, ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokulawulwa kwezindleko. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa njalo ubuchwepheshe befomula kanye nokucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezinto ezibolayo futhi kwandiswe impilo yesevisi yemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezibolayo.

▶ MinauhlakaniphileDisakhiwo

(1)Isilawuli kudeMukuqondisa kanyeSi-ensorIukuhlanganiswa: ngosizo lobuchwepheshe bezinzwa obuthuthukisiwe, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa ezihlakaniphile kanye nokuqapha okude i-inthanethi kuhlanganiswe ukuze kufezwe ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, ukuqoqwa kwedatha kanye nokufinyelela idatha okude kwezimo zemvelo zesampula. Le nhlanganisela ehlakaniphile ithuthukisa ngempumelelo izinga lokuzenzakalela lokuhlola, futhi abasebenzi besayensi nobuchwepheshe bangaphinde baqaphe inqubo yokuhlola kanye nemiphumela yedatha yesikhathi sangempela noma nini nanoma kuphi ngamadivayisi eselula noma amapulatifomu edivayisi yenethiwekhi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi, ukuguquguquka kwemisebenzi yokuhlola, kanye nokunemba kwemiphumela yokuhlola.

(2)IdathaAukuhlaziywa kanyeFukubuyela emuva: Ngokusekelwe kudatha eqoqwe amadivayisi ahlakaniphile, thuthukisa ama-algorithms okuhlaziya ahlakaniphile namamodeli, futhi wenze ukucubungula nokuhlaziya idatha ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokuhlaziya idatha yokuhlola ngobuhlakani, abacwaningi bangathola imiphumela yokuhlola ngesikhathi esifanele, benze izinguquko ezifanayo kanye nempendulo, futhi basheshise inqubekela phambili yocwaningo.

Ngokuthuthuka kwezinto ezintsha kanye nokuhlanganiswa nomklamo ohlakaniphile, amabhodlela okukhanyisa anemakethe ebanzi yesicelo kanye nemisebenzi, ekhuthaza njalo ukuzenzekela, ubuhlakani, kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo yomsebenzi welebhu.

• Ukuzenzakalela kanyeDukushada

▶ OkuzenzakalelayoSngokwanelePukujikeleza

(1)Ukuzenzakalela kwe-SngokwanelePukujikelezaPi-rocess: Enqubweni yokukhiqiza amabhodlela okushisisa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwamasampula, kungeniswa imishini nezinhlelo zokuzenzakalela, njengezilayishi zamasampula ezizenzakalelayo, izindawo zokusebenza zokucubungula uketshezi, njll., ukuze kufezwe ukuzenzekela kwenqubo yokucubungula amasampula. Lawa madivayisi azenzakalelayo angaqeda imisebenzi eyisicefe yokulayisha amasampula ngesandla, ukuhlakazeka, ukuxuba, kanye nokuxutshwa, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlolwa kanye nokuvumelana kwedatha yokuhlola.

(2)OkuzenzakalelayoSukukhulisaSisistimu: ifakwe uhlelo lokuqoqa amasampula oluzenzakalelayo, ingafinyelela ukuqoqwa nokucubungula amasampula okuzenzakalelayo, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise amaphutha okusebenza ngesandla futhi ithuthukise isivinini sokucubungula amasampula kanye nokunemba. Lolu hlelo lokuqoqa amasampula oluzenzakalelayo lungasetshenziswa ezigabeni ezahlukene zamasampula kanye nezimo zokuhlola, njengokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, ucwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo, njll.

▶ IdathaMukuphathwa kanyeAukuhlaziywa

(1)Ukwenziwa Kwedijithali Kwedatha Yokuhlola: Yenza kube yidijithali ukugcinwa nokuphathwa kwedatha yokuhlola, bese usungula uhlelo lokuphathwa kwedatha yedijithali oluhlanganisiwe. Ngokusebenzisa i-Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) noma isofthiwe yokuphathwa kwedatha yokuhlola, ukuqoshwa, ukugcinwa, kanye nokutholwa kwedatha yokuhlola ngokuzenzakalela kungafinyelelwa, kuthuthukiswe ukulandelelwa kwedatha kanye nokuphepha kwayo.

(2)Ukusetshenziswa Kwamathuluzi Okuhlaziya Idatha: Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlaziya idatha kanye nama-algorithms afana nokufunda komshini, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, njll. ukwenza ukumba okujulile nokuhlaziya idatha yokuhlola. Lawa mathuluzi okuhlaziya idatha angasiza ngempumelelo abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole futhi bathole ukuhlobana kanye nokuhleleka phakathi kwedatha ehlukahlukene, bakhiphe ulwazi olubalulekile olufihliwe phakathi kwedatha, ukuze abacwaningi bakwazi ukuphakamisa ukuqonda komunye nomunye futhi ekugcineni bafinyelele imiphumela yokucabanga.

(3)Ukuboniswa Kwemiphumela Yokuhlola: Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokubona idatha, imiphumela yokuhlola ingavezwa ngendlela enembile ngesimo samashadi, izithombe, njll., ngaleyo ndlela kusize abahloli ukuthi baqonde futhi bahlaziye ngokushesha incazelo kanye nezitayela zedatha yokuhlola. Lokhu kusiza abacwaningi besayensi ukuthi baqonde kangcono imiphumela yokuhlola futhi benze izinqumo kanye nokulungisa okuhambisanayo.

Ngokusebenzisa ukucubungula amasampula okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuphathwa nokuhlaziywa kwedatha yedijithali, umsebenzi welabhorethri osebenza kahle, ohlakaniphile, nosekelwe olwazini ungafinyelelwa, kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kokuhlolwa, futhi kukhuthazwe inqubekela phambili kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kocwaningo lwesayensi.

Ⅵ. Ukuphepha kanye Nemithethonqubo

• I-RadioactiveMi-aterialHandling

▶ KuphephileOukuhlinzwaGi-uide

(1)Imfundo Nokuqeqeshwa: Nikeza imfundo nokuqeqeshwa kokuphepha okusebenzayo nokudingekile kubo bonke abasebenzi belabhoratri, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini ngezinqubo zokusebenza eziphephile zokubeka izinto ezinemisebe, izinyathelo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka izingozi, ukuhlela ukuphepha kanye nokugcinwa kwemishini yansuku zonke yelabhoratri, njll., ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi nabanye bayaqonda, bajwayelene, futhi balandela ngokuqinile iziqondiso zokusebenza kokuphepha kwelabhoratri.

(2)Okomuntu siquPukuvikelaEimishini: Hlomisa imishini yokuzivikela efanele elabhorethri, njengezingubo zokuzivikela elabhorethri, amagilavu, izibuko, njll., ukuze uvikele abasebenzi belabhorethri ekulimaleni okungaba khona okubangelwa izinto ezinemisebe.

(3)IthobelaOukusakazaPizinhlelo: Misa izinqubo nezinqubo zokuhlola ezijwayelekile neziqinile, okuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwamasampula, izindlela zokulinganisa, ukusebenza kwemishini, njll., ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphephile nokuthobela imithetho kanye nokuphathwa okuphephile kwezinto ezinezici zomsebe.

▶ ImfucuzaDi-isposalRukulinganisa

(1)Ukuhlukaniswa Nokulebula: Ngokuhambisana nemithetho efanele yelabhorethri, imithethonqubo, kanye nezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuhlola, izinto ezikhipha imisebe zihlukaniswa futhi zilebulwe ukuze kucaciswe izinga lazo lezidingo zokusebenzisa imisebe kanye nokucubungula, ukuze kunikezwe isivikelo sokuphepha kokuphila kwabasebenzi belabhorethri nabanye.

(2)Isitoreji Sesikhashana: Ukuze kutholakale izinto ezisebenzisa isampula yemisebe yelabhorethri ezingase zikhiqize imfucuza, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokugcina zesikhashana kanye nokugcina ngokuya ngezici zazo kanye nezinga lengozi. Kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuvikela ezithile zamasampula elabhorethri ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwezinto ezisebenzisa imisebe futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi azibangeli umonakalo endaweni ezungezile kanye nabasebenzi.

(3)Ukulahlwa Kwemfucuza Ngokuphephile: Phatha futhi ulahle izinto ezilahliwe ezinemisebe ngokuphephile ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo nezindinganiso ezifanele zokulahlwa kwemfucuza yelabhorethri. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukuthumela izinto ezilahliwe ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokwelashwa kwemfucuza noma ezindaweni zokulahlwa, noma ukugcina nokulahla imfucuza enemisebe ngokuphephile.

Ngokunamathela ngokuqinile eziqondisweni zokusebenza zokuphepha kwelabhorethri kanye nezindlela zokulahla imfucuza, abasebenzi belabhorethri kanye nemvelo bangavikelwa ngokuphelele ekungcolisweni kwemisebe, futhi ukuphepha nokuhambisana nomsebenzi belabhorethri kungaqinisekiswa.

• Li-aboratorySi-afety

▶ OkufanelekileRukulinganisa kanyeLi-aboratorySimithetho

(1)Imithethonqubo Yokuphathwa Kwezinto Ezisebenzisa Imisebe: Amalabhorethri kufanele alandele ngokuqinile izindlela zokuphatha izinto ezisebenzisa imisebe kazwelonke neyesifunda kanye nezindinganiso ezifanele, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini ngemithethonqubo yokuthengwa, ukusetshenziswa, ukugcinwa, kanye nokulahlwa kwamasampula asebenzisa imisebe.

(2)Imithethonqubo Yokuphathwa Kokuphepha Kwelabhorethri: Ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni kanye nobukhulu belebhu, yakha futhi isebenzise izinhlelo zokuphepha kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza ezihambisana nemithethonqubo yokuphathwa kokuphepha kwelebhu kazwelonke neyesifunda, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nempilo yomzimba yabasebenzi belebhu.

(3) AmakhemikhaliRiskMukuphathwaRukulinganisa: Uma ilabhorethri ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi, imithethonqubo yokuphathwa kwamakhemikhali efanele kanye nezindinganiso zokusetshenziswa kufanele ilandelwe ngokuqinile, okuhlanganisa nezidingo zokuthengwa, ukugcinwa, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo nokusemthethweni, kanye nezindlela zokulahla amakhemikhali.

▶ IngoziAukuhlolwa kanyeMukuphathwa

(1)OkuvamileRiskIukuhlolwa kanyeRiskAukuhlolwaPizinhlelo: Ngaphambi kokwenza izivivinyo zobungozi, izingozi ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona ezigabeni zokuqala, eziphakathi, kanye nezakamuva zokuhlolwa kufanele zihlolwe, kufaka phakathi izingozi ezihlobene namasampula amakhemikhali ngokwawo, izinto ezikhipha imisebe, izingozi zezinto eziphilayo, njll., ukuze kunqunywe futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokunciphisa izingozi. Ukuhlolwa kwengozi kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphepha kwelabhorethri kufanele kwenziwe njalo ukuze kutholakale futhi kuxazululwe izingozi nezinkinga zokuphepha ezingaba khona neziveziwe, kubuyekezwe izinqubo zokuphatha ukuphepha ezidingekayo kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza kokuhlola ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuphepha lomsebenzi welabhorethri.

(2)IngoziMukuphathwaMizindlela zokuzivikela: Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlola ingozi evamile, thuthukisa, uthuthukise, futhi usebenzise izinyathelo zokuphatha ubungozi ezihambisanayo, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu, izinyathelo zokungenisa umoya elabhorethri, izinyathelo zokuphatha ubungozi obuphuthumayo elabhorethri, izinhlelo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo zezingozi, njll., ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuzinza ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlola.

Ngokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni efanele, emithethweni, kanye namazinga okufinyelela elabhorethri, ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwengozi kanye nokuphathwa kwelabhorethri, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngemfundo nokuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kubasebenzi belabhorethri, singaqinisekisa ukuphepha kanye nokuthobela umsebenzi belabhorethri ngangokunokwenzeka, sivikele impilo yabasebenzi belabhorethri, futhi sinciphise noma sigweme ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Ⅶ. Isiphetho

Emalabhorethri noma kwezinye izindawo ezidinga ukuvikelwa okuqinile kwesampula, amabhodlela okukhanyisa ayithuluzi elibalulekile, futhi ukubaluleka kwawo kanye nokwehlukahluka kwawo ekuhlolweniukuzivezant. Njengomunye weokuyinhlokoIzitsha zokulinganisa ama-isotope anemisebe, amabhodlela okushisisa adlala indima ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi, embonini yezemithi, ukuqapha imvelo, kanye neminye imikhakha.ukulinganiswa kwe-isotope kuya ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa, ekulandeleni i-DNA kanye nezinye izimo zokusetshenziswa,ukuguquguquka kwamabhodlela e-scintillation kuwenza abe ngomunye walawoamathuluzi abalulekile elabhorethri.

Kodwa-ke, kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusimama nokuphepha kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwamabhodlela okukhanyisa. Kusukela ekukhetheni izinto kuya ekwakhiweniizici, kanye nokucatshangelwa ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza, zokusebenzisa, kanye nezokulahla, sidinga ukunaka izinto zokwakha kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezinobungani nemvelo, kanye nezindinganiso zokusebenza okuphephile kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza. Kungokuqinisekisa ukusimama nokuphepha kuphela lapho singayisebenzisa ngokugcwele indima ephumelelayo yamabhodlela okukhipha ukungcola, ngenkathi sivikela imvelo futhi sivikela impilo yabantu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhodlela okushisa kubhekene nezinselele kanye namathuba. Ngokuqhubeka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, singabona kusengaphambili ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha, ukusetshenziswa komklamo ohlakaniphile ezicini ezahlukene, kanye nokwanda kokwenziwa kwezinto ezenzakalelayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedijithali, okuzothuthukisa ukusebenza kanye nokusebenza kwamabhodlela okushisa. Kodwa-ke, sidinga futhi ukubhekana nezinselele zokusimama kanye nokuphepha, njengokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezibolayo, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zokusebenza zokuphepha. Kuphela ngokunqoba nokuphendula ngenkuthalo ezinselele lapho singafinyelela khona intuthuko eqhubekayo yamabhodlela okushisa ocwaningweni lwesayensi kanye nezicelo zezimboni, futhi senze iminikelo emikhulu entuthukweni yomphakathi wesintu.